Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.xml @ 1061:cb63563024eb
Somewhat clarified how rewrite module works.
author | Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com> |
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date | Sat, 08 Feb 2014 16:23:06 +0400 |
parents | 95c3c3bbf1ce |
children | 4c2324a7eeea |
rev | line source |
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1 <?xml version="1.0"?> |
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2 |
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3 <!-- |
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4 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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5 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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6 --> |
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7 |
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8 <!DOCTYPE module SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/module.dtd"> |
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9 |
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10 <module name="Module ngx_http_rewrite_module" |
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11 link="/en/docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.html" |
589 | 12 lang="en" |
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13 rev="5"> |
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14 |
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15 <section id="summary"> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
966 | 18 The <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> module is used to |
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19 change request URI using regular expressions, return redirects, and |
392
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20 conditionally select configurations. |
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21 </para> |
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22 |
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23 <para> |
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24 The <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> module directives are |
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25 processed in the following order: |
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26 <list type="bullet"> |
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27 |
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28 <listitem> |
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29 the directives of this module specified on the |
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30 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/> level |
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31 are executed sequentially; |
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32 </listitem> |
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33 |
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34 <listitem> |
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35 repeatedly: |
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36 <list type="bullet"> |
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37 |
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38 <listitem> |
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39 a |
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40 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="location"/> |
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41 is searched based on a request URI; |
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42 </listitem> |
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43 |
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44 <listitem> |
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45 the directives of this module specified inside the found location |
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46 are executed sequentially; |
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47 </listitem> |
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48 |
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49 <listitem> |
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50 the loop is repeated if a request URI was <link id="rewrite">rewritten</link>, |
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51 but not more than |
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52 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="internal">10 times</link>. |
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53 </listitem> |
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54 |
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55 </list> |
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56 </listitem> |
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57 |
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58 </list> |
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59 </para> |
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60 |
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61 </section> |
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62 |
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63 |
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64 <section id="directives" name="Directives"> |
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65 |
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66 <directive name="break"> |
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67 <syntax/> |
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68 <default/> |
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69 <context>server</context> |
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70 <context>location</context> |
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71 <context>if</context> |
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72 |
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73 <para> |
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74 Stops processing the current set of |
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75 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> directives. |
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76 </para> |
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77 |
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78 <para> |
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79 If a directive is specified inside the |
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80 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="location"/>, |
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81 further processing of the request continues in this location. |
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82 </para> |
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83 |
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84 <para> |
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85 Example: |
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86 <example> |
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87 if ($slow) { |
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88 limit_rate 10k; |
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89 break; |
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90 } |
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91 </example> |
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92 </para> |
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93 |
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94 </directive> |
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95 |
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96 |
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97 <directive name="if"> |
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98 <syntax block="yes">(<value>condition</value>)</syntax> |
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99 <default/> |
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100 <context>server</context> |
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101 <context>location</context> |
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102 |
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103 <para> |
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104 The specified <value>condition</value> is evaluated. |
966 | 105 If true, this module directives specified inside the braces are |
106 executed, and the request is assigned the configuration inside the | |
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107 <literal>if</literal> directive. |
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108 Configurations inside the <literal>if</literal> directives are |
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109 inherited from the previous configuration level. |
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110 </para> |
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111 |
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112 <para> |
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113 A condition may be any of the following: |
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114 <list type="bullet"> |
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115 |
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116 <listitem> |
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117 a variable name; false if the value of a variable is an empty string |
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118 or “<literal>0</literal>”; |
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119 <note> |
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120 Before version 1.0.1, any string starting with “<literal>0</literal>” |
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121 was considered a false value. |
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122 </note> |
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123 </listitem> |
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124 |
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125 <listitem> |
966 | 126 comparison of a variable with a string using the |
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127 “<literal>=</literal>” and “<literal>!=</literal>” operators; |
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128 </listitem> |
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129 |
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130 <listitem> |
966 | 131 matching of a variable against a regular expression using the |
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132 “<literal>~</literal>” (for case-sensitive matching) and |
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133 “<literal>~*</literal>” (for case-insensitive matching) operators. |
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134 Regular expressions can contain captures that are made available for |
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135 later reuse in the <var>$1</var>..<var>$9</var> variables. |
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136 Negative operators “<literal>!~</literal>” and “<literal>!~*</literal>” |
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137 are also available. |
966 | 138 If a regular expression includes the “<literal>}</literal>” |
139 or “<literal>;</literal>” characters, the whole expressions should be enclosed | |
392
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140 in single or double quotes. |
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141 </listitem> |
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142 |
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143 <listitem> |
966 | 144 checking of a file existence with the “<literal>-f</literal>” and |
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145 “<literal>!-f</literal>” operators; |
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146 </listitem> |
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147 |
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148 <listitem> |
966 | 149 checking of a directory existence with the “<literal>-d</literal>” and |
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150 “<literal>!-d</literal>” operators; |
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151 </listitem> |
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152 |
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153 <listitem> |
966 | 154 checking of a file, directory, or symbolic link existence with the |
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155 “<literal>-e</literal>” and “<literal>!-e</literal>” operators; |
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156 </listitem> |
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157 |
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158 <listitem> |
966 | 159 checking for an executable file with the “<literal>-x</literal>” |
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160 and “<literal>!-x</literal>” operators. |
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161 </listitem> |
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162 |
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163 </list> |
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164 </para> |
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165 |
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166 <para> |
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167 Examples: |
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168 <example> |
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169 if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) { |
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170 rewrite ^(.*)$ /msie/$1 break; |
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171 } |
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172 |
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173 if ($http_cookie ~* "id=([^;]+)(?:;|$)") { |
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174 set $id $1; |
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175 } |
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176 |
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177 if ($request_method = POST) { |
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178 return 405; |
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179 } |
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180 |
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181 if ($slow) { |
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182 limit_rate 10k; |
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183 } |
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184 |
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185 if ($invalid_referer) { |
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186 return 403; |
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187 } |
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188 </example> |
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189 <note> |
966 | 190 A value of the <var>$invalid_referer</var> embedded variable is set by the |
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191 <link doc="ngx_http_referer_module.xml" id="valid_referers"/> directive. |
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192 </note> |
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193 </para> |
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194 |
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195 </directive> |
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196 |
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197 |
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198 <directive name="return"> |
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199 <syntax><value>code</value> [<value>text</value>]</syntax> |
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200 <syntax><value>code</value> <value>URL</value></syntax> |
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201 <syntax><value>URL</value></syntax> |
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202 <default/> |
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203 <context>server</context> |
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204 <context>location</context> |
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205 <context>if</context> |
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206 |
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207 <para> |
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208 Stops processing and returns the specified <value>code</value> to a client. |
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209 The non-standard code 444 closes a connection without sending |
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210 a response header. |
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211 </para> |
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212 |
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213 <para> |
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214 Starting from version 0.8.42, it is possible to specify |
966 | 215 either a redirect URL (for codes 301, 302, 303, and 307), |
216 or the response body <value>text</value> (for other codes). | |
217 A response body text and redirect URL can contain variables. | |
218 As a special case, a redirect URL can be specified as a URI | |
219 local to this server, in which case the full redirect URL | |
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220 is formed according to the request scheme (<var>$scheme</var>) and the |
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221 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/> and |
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222 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="port_in_redirect"/> directives. |
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223 </para> |
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224 |
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225 <para> |
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226 In addition, a <value>URL</value> for temporary redirect with the code 302 |
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227 can be specified as the sole parameter. |
966 | 228 Such a parameter should start with the “<literal>http://</literal>”, |
229 “<literal>https://</literal>”, or “<literal>$scheme</literal>” string. | |
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230 A <value>URL</value> can contain variables. |
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231 </para> |
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232 |
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233 <para> |
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234 <note> |
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235 Only the following codes could be returned before version 0.7.51: |
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236 204, 400, 402 — 406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 416, and 500 — 504. |
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237 </note> |
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238 |
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239 <note> |
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240 The code 307 was not treated as a redirect until versions 1.1.16 and 1.0.13. |
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241 </note> |
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242 </para> |
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243 |
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244 <para> |
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245 See also the <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="error_page"/> directive. |
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246 </para> |
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247 |
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248 </directive> |
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249 |
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250 |
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251 <directive name="rewrite"> |
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252 <syntax> |
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253 <value>regex</value> |
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254 <value>replacement</value> |
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255 [<value>flag</value>]</syntax> |
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256 <default/> |
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257 <context>server</context> |
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258 <context>location</context> |
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259 <context>if</context> |
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260 |
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261 <para> |
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262 If the specified regular expression matches a request URI, URI is changed |
392
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263 as specified in the <value>replacement</value> string. |
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264 The <literal>rewrite</literal> directives are executed sequentially |
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265 in order of their appearance in the configuration file. |
966 | 266 It is possible to terminate further processing of the directives using flags. |
392
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267 If a replacement string starts with “<literal>http://</literal>” |
966 | 268 or “<literal>https://</literal>”, the processing stops and the |
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269 redirect is returned to a client. |
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270 </para> |
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271 |
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272 <para> |
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273 An optional <value>flag</value> parameter can be one of: |
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274 <list type="tag"> |
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275 |
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276 <tag-name><literal>last</literal></tag-name> |
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277 <tag-desc> |
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278 stops processing the current set of |
966 | 279 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> directives and starts |
280 a search for a new location matching the changed URI; | |
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281 </tag-desc> |
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282 |
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283 <tag-name><literal>break</literal></tag-name> |
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284 <tag-desc> |
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285 stops processing the current set of |
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286 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> directives |
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287 as with the <link id="break"/> directive; |
392
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288 </tag-desc> |
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289 |
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290 <tag-name><literal>redirect</literal></tag-name> |
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291 <tag-desc> |
966 | 292 returns a temporary redirect with the 302 code; |
392
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293 used if a replacement string does not start with |
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294 “<literal>http://</literal>” or “<literal>https://</literal>”; |
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295 </tag-desc> |
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296 |
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297 <tag-name><literal>permanent</literal></tag-name> |
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298 <tag-desc> |
966 | 299 returns a permanent redirect with the 301 code. |
392
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300 </tag-desc> |
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301 |
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302 </list> |
966 | 303 The full redirect URL is formed according to the |
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304 request scheme (<var>$scheme</var>) and the |
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305 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/> and |
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306 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="port_in_redirect"/> directives. |
392
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307 </para> |
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308 |
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309 <para> |
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310 Example: |
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311 <example> |
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312 server { |
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313 ... |
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314 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 last; |
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315 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra last; |
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316 return 403; |
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317 ... |
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318 } |
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319 </example> |
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320 </para> |
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321 |
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322 <para> |
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323 But if these directives are put inside the “<literal>/download/</literal>” |
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324 location, the <literal>last</literal> flag should be replaced by |
966 | 325 <literal>break</literal>, or otherwise nginx will make 10 cycles and |
326 return the 500 error: | |
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327 <example> |
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328 location /download/ { |
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329 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 break; |
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330 rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra break; |
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331 return 403; |
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332 } |
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333 </example> |
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334 </para> |
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335 |
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336 <para> |
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337 If a <value>replacement</value> string includes the new request arguments, |
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338 the previous request arguments are appended after them. |
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339 If this is undesired, putting a question mark at the end of a replacement |
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340 string avoids having them appended, for example: |
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341 <example> |
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342 rewrite ^/users/(.*)$ /show?user=$1? last; |
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343 </example> |
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344 </para> |
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345 |
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346 <para> |
966 | 347 If a regular expression includes the “<literal>}</literal>” |
348 or “<literal>;</literal>” characters, the whole expressions should be enclosed | |
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349 in single or double quotes. |
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350 </para> |
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351 |
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352 </directive> |
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353 |
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354 |
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355 <directive name="rewrite_log"> |
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356 <syntax><literal>on</literal> | <literal>off</literal></syntax> |
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357 <default>off</default> |
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358 <context>http</context> |
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359 <context>server</context> |
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360 <context>location</context> |
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361 <context>if</context> |
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362 |
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363 <para> |
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364 Enables or disables logging of <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> |
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365 module directives processing results |
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366 into the <link doc="../ngx_core_module.xml" id="error_log"/> at |
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367 the <literal>notice</literal> level. |
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368 </para> |
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369 |
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370 </directive> |
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371 |
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372 |
392
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373 <directive name="set"> |
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374 <syntax><value>$variable</value> <value>value</value></syntax> |
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375 <default/> |
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376 <context>server</context> |
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377 <context>location</context> |
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378 <context>if</context> |
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379 |
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380 <para> |
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381 Sets a <value>value</value> for the specified <value>variable</value>. |
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382 A <value>value</value> can contain text, variables, and their combination. |
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383 </para> |
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384 |
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385 </directive> |
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386 |
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387 |
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388 <directive name="uninitialized_variable_warn"> |
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389 <syntax><literal>on</literal> | <literal>off</literal></syntax> |
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390 <default>on</default> |
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391 <context>http</context> |
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392 <context>server</context> |
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393 <context>location</context> |
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394 <context>if</context> |
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395 |
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396 <para> |
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397 Controls whether warnings about uninitialized variables are logged. |
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398 </para> |
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399 |
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400 </directive> |
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401 |
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402 </section> |
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403 |
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404 |
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405 <section id="internals" name="Internal Implementation"> |
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406 |
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407 <para> |
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408 The <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> module directives |
966 | 409 are compiled at the configuration stage into internal instructions |
392
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410 that are interpreted during request processing. |
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411 An interpreter is a simple virtual stack machine. |
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412 </para> |
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413 |
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414 <para> |
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415 For example, the directives |
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416 <example> |
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417 location /download/ { |
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418 if ($forbidden) { |
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419 return 403; |
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420 } |
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421 |
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422 if ($slow) { |
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423 limit_rate 10k; |
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424 } |
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425 |
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426 rewrite ^/(download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ /$1/mp3/$2.mp3 break; |
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427 } |
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428 </example> |
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429 will be translated into these instructions: |
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430 <example> |
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431 variable $forbidden |
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432 check against zero |
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433 return 403 |
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434 end of code |
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435 variable $slow |
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436 check against zero |
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437 match of regular expression |
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438 copy "/" |
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439 copy $1 |
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440 copy "/mp3/" |
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441 copy $2 |
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442 copy ".mp3" |
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443 end of regular expression |
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444 end of code |
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445 </example> |
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446 </para> |
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447 |
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448 <para> |
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449 Note that there are no instructions for the |
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450 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="limit_rate"/> |
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451 directive above as it is unrelated to the |
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452 <literal>ngx_http_rewrite_module</literal> module. |
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453 A separate configuration is created for the <link id="if"/> block. |
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454 If the condition holds true, a request is assigned this configuration |
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455 where <literal>limit_rate</literal> equals to 10k. |
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456 </para> |
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457 |
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458 <para> |
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459 The directive |
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460 <example> |
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461 rewrite ^/(download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ /$1/mp3/$2.mp3 break; |
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462 </example> |
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463 can be made smaller by one instruction if the first slash in the regular expression |
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464 is put inside the parentheses: |
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465 <example> |
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466 rewrite ^(<emphasis>/</emphasis>download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 break; |
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467 </example> |
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468 The corresponding instructions will then look like this: |
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469 <example> |
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470 match of regular expression |
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471 copy $1 |
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472 copy "/mp3/" |
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473 copy $2 |
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474 copy ".mp3" |
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475 end of regular expression |
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476 end of code |
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477 </example> |
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478 </para> |
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479 |
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480 </section> |
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481 |
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482 </module> |