Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/ru/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.xml @ 1193:0320929f8544
Documented uwsgi_ssl_verify, uwsgi_ssl_server_name, and friends.
author | Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com> |
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date | Sat, 17 May 2014 01:55:19 +0400 |
parents | 8125bec5c7a1 |
children | 9264fdb6c833 |
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1 <?xml version="1.0"?> |
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2 |
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3 <!-- |
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4 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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5 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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6 --> |
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7 |
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8 <!DOCTYPE module SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/module.dtd"> |
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9 |
292 | 10 <module name="Модуль ngx_http_upstream_module" |
135
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11 link="/ru/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html" |
589 | 12 lang="ru" |
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13 rev="6"> |
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14 |
110
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15 <section id="summary"> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
292 | 18 Модуль <literal>ngx_http_upstream_module</literal> |
19 позволяет описывать группы серверов, | |
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20 которые могут использоваться в директивах |
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21 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_pass"/>, |
1181 | 22 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_pass"/>, |
23 <link doc="ngx_http_scgi_module.xml" id="scgi_pass"/> и | |
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24 <link doc="ngx_http_memcached_module.xml" id="memcached_pass"/>. |
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25 </para> |
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26 |
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27 </section> |
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28 |
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29 |
292 | 30 <section id="example" name="Пример конфигурации"> |
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31 |
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32 <para> |
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33 <example> |
292 | 34 upstream <emphasis>backend</emphasis> { |
35 server backend1.example.com weight=5; | |
36 server backend2.example.com:8080; | |
37 server unix:/tmp/backend3; | |
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38 |
292 | 39 server backup1.example.com:8080 backup; |
40 server backup2.example.com:8080 backup; | |
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41 } |
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42 |
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43 server { |
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44 location / { |
292 | 45 proxy_pass http://<emphasis>backend</emphasis>; |
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46 } |
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47 } |
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48 </example> |
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49 </para> |
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50 |
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51 </section> |
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52 |
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53 |
292 | 54 <section id="directives" name="Директивы"> |
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55 |
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56 <directive name="upstream"> |
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57 <syntax block="yes"><value>название</value></syntax> |
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58 <default/> |
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59 <context>http</context> |
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60 |
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61 <para> |
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62 Описывает группу серверов. |
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63 Серверы могут слушать на разных портах. |
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64 Кроме того, можно одновременно использовать серверы, |
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65 слушающие на TCP- и UNIX-сокетах. |
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66 </para> |
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67 |
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68 <para> |
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69 Пример: |
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70 <example> |
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71 upstream backend { |
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72 server backend1.example.com weight=5; |
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73 server 127.0.0.1:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s; |
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74 server unix:/tmp/backend3; |
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75 |
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76 server backup1.example.com backup; |
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77 } |
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78 </example> |
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79 </para> |
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80 |
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81 <para> |
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82 По умолчанию запросы распределяются по серверам циклически |
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83 (в режиме round-robin) с учётом весов серверов. |
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84 В вышеприведённом примере каждые 7 запросов будут распределены так: |
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85 5 запросов на <literal>backend1.example.com</literal> |
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86 и по одному запросу на второй и третий серверы. |
966 | 87 Если при попытке работы с сервером происходит ошибка, то запрос |
88 передаётся следующему серверу, и так далее до тех пор, пока не будут опробованы | |
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89 все работающие серверы. |
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90 Если не удастся получить успешный ответ |
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91 ни от одного из серверов, то клиенту будет возвращён результат работы |
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92 с последним сервером. |
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93 </para> |
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94 |
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95 </directive> |
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96 |
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97 |
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98 <directive name="server"> |
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99 <syntax><value>адрес</value> [<value>параметры</value>]</syntax> |
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100 <default/> |
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101 <context>upstream</context> |
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102 |
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103 <para> |
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104 Задаёт <value>адрес</value> и другие <value>параметры</value> |
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105 сервера. |
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106 Адрес может быть указан в виде доменного имени или IP-адреса, |
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107 и необязательного порта, или в виде пути UNIX-сокета, который |
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108 указывается после префикса “<literal>unix:</literal>”. |
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109 Если порт не указан, используется порт 80. |
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110 Доменное имя, которому соответствует несколько IP-адресов, |
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111 задаёт сразу несколько серверов. |
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112 </para> |
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113 |
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114 <para> |
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115 Могут быть заданы следующие параметры: |
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116 <list type="tag"> |
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117 |
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118 <tag-name><literal>weight</literal>=<value>число</value></tag-name> |
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119 <tag-desc> |
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120 задаёт вес сервера, по умолчанию 1. |
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121 </tag-desc> |
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122 |
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123 <tag-name><literal>max_fails</literal>=<value>число</value></tag-name> |
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124 <tag-desc> |
966 | 125 задаёт число неудачных попыток работы с сервером, которые должны произойти |
126 в промежуток времени, заданный параметром <literal>fail_timeout</literal>, | |
127 чтобы сервер считался неработающим на период времени, также заданный | |
128 параметром <literal>fail_timeout</literal>. | |
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129 По умолчанию число попыток устанавливается равным 1. |
966 | 130 Нулевое значение отключает учёт попыток. |
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131 Что считается неудачной попыткой, определяется директивами |
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132 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_next_upstream"/>, |
1181 | 133 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_next_upstream"/>, |
134 <link doc="ngx_http_scgi_module.xml" id="scgi_next_upstream"/> и | |
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135 <link doc="ngx_http_memcached_module.xml" id="memcached_next_upstream"/>. |
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136 </tag-desc> |
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137 |
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138 <tag-name><literal>fail_timeout</literal>=<value>время</value></tag-name> |
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139 <tag-desc> |
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140 задаёт |
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141 <list type="bullet"> |
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142 |
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143 <listitem> |
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144 время, в течение которого должно произойти заданное число неудачных |
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145 попыток работы с сервером для того, чтобы сервер считался неработающим; |
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146 </listitem> |
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147 |
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148 <listitem> |
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149 и время, в течение которого сервер будет считаться неработающим. |
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150 </listitem> |
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151 |
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152 </list> |
966 | 153 По умолчанию параметр равен 10 секундам. |
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154 </tag-desc> |
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155 |
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156 <tag-name><literal>backup</literal></tag-name> |
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157 <tag-desc> |
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158 помечает сервер как запасной сервер. |
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159 На него будут передаваться запросы в случае, если не работают основные серверы. |
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160 </tag-desc> |
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161 |
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162 <tag-name><literal>down</literal></tag-name> |
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163 <tag-desc> |
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164 помечает сервер как постоянно неработающий; используется |
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165 совместно с директивой <link id="ip_hash"/>. |
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166 </tag-desc> |
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167 |
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168 </list> |
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169 </para> |
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170 |
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171 <para> |
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172 Кроме того, |
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173 следующие параметры доступны как часть |
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174 <commercial_version>коммерческой подписки</commercial_version>: |
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175 <list type="tag"> |
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176 |
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177 <tag-name id="max_conns"> |
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178 <literal>max_conns</literal>=<value>число</value> |
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179 </tag-name> |
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180 <tag-desc> |
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181 ограничивает максимальное <value>число</value> одновременных соединений |
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182 к проксируемому серверу (1.5.9). |
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183 Значение по умолчанию равно 0 и означает, что ограничения нет. |
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184 </tag-desc> |
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185 |
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186 <tag-name id="resolve"> |
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187 <literal>resolve</literal> |
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188 </tag-name> |
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189 <tag-desc> |
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190 отслеживает изменения IP-адресов, соответствующих доменному имени сервера, |
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191 и автоматически изменяет конфигурацию группы |
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192 без необходимости перезапуска nginx (1.5.12). |
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193 <para> |
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194 Для работы этого параметра |
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195 директива <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="resolver"/> |
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196 должна быть задана в блоке |
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197 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="http"/>. |
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198 Пример: |
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199 <example> |
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200 http { |
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201 resolver 10.0.0.1; |
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202 |
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203 upstream u { |
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204 zone ...; |
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205 ... |
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206 server example.com resolve; |
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207 } |
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208 } |
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209 </example> |
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210 </para> |
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211 </tag-desc> |
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212 |
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213 </list> |
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214 </para> |
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215 |
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216 </directive> |
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217 |
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218 |
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219 <directive name="zone"> |
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220 <syntax><value>имя</value> <value>размер</value></syntax> |
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221 <default/> |
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222 <context>upstream</context> |
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223 |
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224 <para> |
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225 Задаёт <value>имя</value> и <value>размер</value> зоны разделяемой памяти, |
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226 в которой хранятся конфигурация группы и рабочее состояние, |
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227 разделяемые между рабочими процессами. |
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228 В таких группах возможно изменение состава группы или |
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229 настроек отдельных серверов без необходимости перезапуска nginx. |
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230 Конфигурация доступна через специальный location, |
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231 для которого указана директива <link id="upstream_conf"/>. |
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232 </para> |
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233 |
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234 <para> |
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235 <note> |
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236 Эта директива доступна как часть |
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237 <commercial_version>коммерческой подписки</commercial_version>. |
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238 </note> |
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239 </para> |
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240 |
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241 </directive> |
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242 |
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243 |
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244 <directive name="ip_hash"> |
102
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245 <syntax/> |
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246 <default/> |
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247 <context>upstream</context> |
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248 |
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249 <para> |
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250 Задаёт для группы метод балансировки нагрузки, при котором запросы |
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251 распределяются по серверам на основе IP-адресов клиентов. |
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252 В качестве ключа для хэширования используются первые три |
542
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253 октета IPv4-адреса клиента или IPv6-адрес клиента целиком. |
292 | 254 Метод гарантирует, что запросы одного и того же клиента |
255 будут всегда передаваться на один и тот же сервер. | |
256 Если же этот сервер будет считаться неработающим, | |
257 то запросы этого клиента будут передаваться на другой сервер. | |
258 С большой долей вероятности это также будет один и тот же сервер. | |
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259 <note> |
566 | 260 IPv6-адреса поддерживаются начиная с версий 1.3.2 и 1.2.2. |
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261 </note> |
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262 </para> |
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263 |
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264 <para> |
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265 Если один из серверов нужно убрать на некоторое время, то для сохранения |
292 | 266 текущего хэширования IP-адресов клиентов этот сервер нужно пометить |
267 параметром <literal>down</literal>. | |
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268 </para> |
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269 |
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270 <para> |
292 | 271 Пример: |
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272 <example> |
292 | 273 upstream backend { |
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274 ip_hash; |
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275 |
292 | 276 server backend1.example.com; |
277 server backend2.example.com; | |
278 server backend3.example.com <emphasis>down</emphasis>; | |
279 server backend4.example.com; | |
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280 } |
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281 </example> |
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282 </para> |
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283 |
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284 <para> |
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285 <note> |
566 | 286 До версий 1.3.1 и 1.2.2 для серверов, использующих метод балансировки нагрузки |
526
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287 <literal>ip_hash</literal>, нельзя было задать вес. |
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288 </note> |
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289 </para> |
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290 |
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291 </directive> |
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292 |
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293 |
316
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294 <directive name="keepalive"> |
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295 <syntax><value>соединения</value></syntax> |
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296 <default/> |
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297 <context>upstream</context> |
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298 <appeared-in>1.1.4</appeared-in> |
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299 |
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300 <para> |
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301 Задействует кэш соединений для группы серверов. |
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302 </para> |
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303 |
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304 <para> |
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305 Параметр <value>соединения</value> устанавливает максимальное число |
654
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306 неактивных постоянных соединений с серверами группы, которые будут |
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307 сохраняться в кэше каждого рабочего процесса. |
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308 При превышении этого числа наиболее давно не используемые соединения |
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309 закрываются. |
316
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310 <note> |
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311 Следует особо отметить, что директива <literal>keepalive</literal> |
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312 не ограничивает общее число соединений с серверами группы, которые |
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313 рабочие процессы nginx могут открыть. |
966 | 314 Параметр <value>соединения</value> следует устанавливать достаточно |
315 консервативно, чтобы серверы группы по-прежнему могли обрабатывать | |
316 новые входящие соединения. | |
316
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317 </note> |
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318 </para> |
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319 |
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320 <para> |
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321 Пример конфигурации группы серверов memcached с постоянными соединениями: |
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322 <example> |
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323 upstream memcached_backend { |
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324 server 127.0.0.1:11211; |
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325 server 10.0.0.2:11211; |
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326 |
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327 keepalive 32; |
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328 } |
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329 |
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330 server { |
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331 ... |
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332 |
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333 location /memcached/ { |
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334 set $memcached_key $uri; |
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335 memcached_pass memcached_backend; |
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336 } |
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337 |
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338 } |
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339 </example> |
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340 </para> |
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341 |
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342 <para> |
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343 Для HTTP директиву |
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344 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_http_version"/> |
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345 следует установить в “<literal>1.1</literal>”, |
367
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346 а поле заголовка <header>Connection</header> — очистить: |
316
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347 <example> |
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348 upstream http_backend { |
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349 server 127.0.0.1:8080; |
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350 |
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351 keepalive 16; |
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352 } |
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353 |
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354 server { |
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355 ... |
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356 |
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357 location /http/ { |
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358 proxy_pass http://http_backend; |
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359 proxy_http_version 1.1; |
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360 proxy_set_header Connection ""; |
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361 ... |
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362 } |
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363 } |
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364 </example> |
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365 </para> |
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366 |
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367 <para> |
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368 <note> |
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369 Хоть это и не рекомендуется, но также возможно использование постоянных |
966 | 370 соединений с HTTP/1.0, путём передачи поля заголовка |
316
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371 <header>Connection: Keep-Alive</header> серверу группы. |
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372 </note> |
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373 </para> |
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374 |
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375 <para> |
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376 Для работы постоянных соединений с FastCGI-серверами потребуется |
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377 включить директиву |
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378 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_keep_conn"/>: |
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|
379 <example> |
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380 upstream fastcgi_backend { |
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381 server 127.0.0.1:9000; |
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382 |
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|
383 keepalive 8; |
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|
384 } |
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|
385 |
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|
386 server { |
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|
387 ... |
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|
388 |
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|
389 location /fastcgi/ { |
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|
390 fastcgi_pass fastcgi_backend; |
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|
391 fastcgi_keep_conn on; |
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392 ... |
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|
393 } |
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|
394 } |
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|
395 </example> |
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|
396 </para> |
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|
397 |
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|
398 <para> |
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399 <note> |
533
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diff
changeset
|
400 При использовании методов балансировки нагрузки, отличных |
316
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|
401 от стандартного round-robin, следует активировать их до |
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|
402 директивы <literal>keepalive</literal>. |
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|
403 </note> |
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|
404 |
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|
405 <note> |
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|
406 Протоколы SCGI и uwsgi не определяют семантику постоянных соединений. |
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407 </note> |
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|
408 </para> |
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409 |
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|
410 </directive> |
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|
411 |
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|
412 |
1125
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|
413 <directive name="least_conn"> |
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414 <syntax/> |
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|
415 <default/> |
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|
416 <context>upstream</context> |
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|
417 <appeared-in>1.3.1</appeared-in> |
9a95b9026a16
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|
418 <appeared-in>1.2.2</appeared-in> |
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|
419 |
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|
420 <para> |
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|
421 Задаёт для группы метод балансировки нагрузки, при котором запрос |
9a95b9026a16
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diff
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|
422 передаётся серверу с наименьшим числом активных соединений, |
9a95b9026a16
Upstream: reallocated the "queue" directive.
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|
423 с учётом весов серверов. |
9a95b9026a16
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diff
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|
424 Если подходит сразу несколько серверов, они выбираются циклически |
9a95b9026a16
Upstream: reallocated the "queue" directive.
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|
425 (в режиме round-robin) с учётом их весов. |
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|
426 </para> |
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|
427 |
9a95b9026a16
Upstream: reallocated the "queue" directive.
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|
428 </directive> |
9a95b9026a16
Upstream: reallocated the "queue" directive.
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diff
changeset
|
429 |
9a95b9026a16
Upstream: reallocated the "queue" directive.
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diff
changeset
|
430 |
1122
594093ef96b1
Upstream: documented the "queue" directive.
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|
431 <directive name="queue"> |
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|
432 <syntax> |
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|
433 <value>число</value> |
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434 [<literal>timeout</literal>=<value>время</value>]</syntax> |
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|
435 <default/> |
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|
436 <context>upstream</context> |
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|
437 <appeared-in>1.5.12</appeared-in> |
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|
438 |
594093ef96b1
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diff
changeset
|
439 <para> |
594093ef96b1
Upstream: documented the "queue" directive.
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1121
diff
changeset
|
440 Если при обработке запроса невозможно сразу выбрать сервер группы |
594093ef96b1
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|
441 и в группе есть серверы, у которых число соединений достигло |
594093ef96b1
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|
442 ограничения <link id="max_conns"/>, |
594093ef96b1
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|
443 запрос будет помещён в очередь. |
594093ef96b1
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|
444 Директива задаёт максимальное число запросов, которые могут одновременно |
594093ef96b1
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|
445 находиться в очереди. |
594093ef96b1
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|
446 Если очередь переполнена |
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|
447 или за время, задаваемое параметром <literal>timeout</literal>, |
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|
448 так и не удастся выбрать сервер для передачи ему запроса, |
594093ef96b1
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diff
changeset
|
449 клиенту будет возвращена ошибка. |
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diff
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|
450 </para> |
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diff
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|
451 |
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|
452 <para> |
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|
453 По умолчанию параметр <literal>timeout</literal> равен 60 секундам. |
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|
454 </para> |
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|
455 |
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|
456 <para> |
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|
457 <note> |
1128
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De-i18n'ed <commercial_version/>.
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1127
diff
changeset
|
458 Эта директива доступна как часть |
1594ed379f1f
De-i18n'ed <commercial_version/>.
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diff
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|
459 <commercial_version>коммерческой подписки</commercial_version>. |
1122
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|
460 </note> |
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diff
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|
461 </para> |
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|
462 |
594093ef96b1
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|
463 </directive> |
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|
464 |
76
4a4caa566120
Russian documentation import.
Maxim Dounin <mdounin@mdounin.ru>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
465 </section> |
4a4caa566120
Russian documentation import.
Maxim Dounin <mdounin@mdounin.ru>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
466 |
4a4caa566120
Russian documentation import.
Maxim Dounin <mdounin@mdounin.ru>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
467 |
292 | 468 <section id="variables" name="Встроенные переменные"> |
76
4a4caa566120
Russian documentation import.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
469 |
4a4caa566120
Russian documentation import.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
470 <para> |
292 | 471 Модуль <literal>ngx_http_upstream_module</literal> |
472 поддерживает следующие встроенные переменные: | |
473 <list type="tag"> | |
76
4a4caa566120
Russian documentation import.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
474 |
1155
07402a11fd8d
Assigned IDs to tags describing variables.
Vladimir Homutov <vl@nginx.com>
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1128
diff
changeset
|
475 <tag-name id="var_upstream_addr"><var>$upstream_addr</var></tag-name> |
292 | 476 <tag-desc> |
477 хранит IP-адрес и порт сервера или путь к UNIX-сокету. | |
76
4a4caa566120
Russian documentation import.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
478 Если при обработке запроса были сделаны обращения к нескольким серверам, |
4a4caa566120
Russian documentation import.
Maxim Dounin <mdounin@mdounin.ru>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
479 то их адреса разделяются запятой, например, |
292 | 480 “<literal>192.168.1.1:80, 192.168.1.2:80, unix:/tmp/sock</literal>”. |
256
c78b2d6fe261
Use another term for "redirect".
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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222
diff
changeset
|
481 Если произошло внутреннее перенаправление от одной группы серверов на другую |
c78b2d6fe261
Use another term for "redirect".
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222
diff
changeset
|
482 с помощью |
292 | 483 <header>X-Accel-Redirect</header> или |
484 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="error_page"/>, | |
966 | 485 то адреса, соответствующие разным группам серверов, разделяются двоеточием, |
486 например, | |
292 | 487 “<literal>192.168.1.1:80, 192.168.1.2:80, unix:/tmp/sock : 192.168.10.1:80, 192.168.10.2:80</literal>”. |
488 </tag-desc> | |
76
4a4caa566120
Russian documentation import.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
489 |
1155
07402a11fd8d
Assigned IDs to tags describing variables.
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parents:
1128
diff
changeset
|
490 <tag-name id="var_upstream_cache_status"><var>$upstream_cache_status</var> |
07402a11fd8d
Assigned IDs to tags describing variables.
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1128
diff
changeset
|
491 </tag-name> |
731
f62328124e5b
Documented $upstream_cache_status and $upstream_response_length variables.
Vladimir Homutov <vl@nginx.com>
parents:
654
diff
changeset
|
492 <tag-desc> |
f62328124e5b
Documented $upstream_cache_status and $upstream_response_length variables.
Vladimir Homutov <vl@nginx.com>
parents:
654
diff
changeset
|
493 хранит статус доступа к кэшу ответов (0.8.3). |
1075
6c021feec587
Removed unjustified non-breakable spaces.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
1016
diff
changeset
|
494 Статус может быть одним из “<literal>MISS</literal>”, |
731
f62328124e5b
Documented $upstream_cache_status and $upstream_response_length variables.
Vladimir Homutov <vl@nginx.com>
parents:
654
diff
changeset
|
495 “<literal>BYPASS</literal>”, “<literal>EXPIRED</literal>”, |
1016
2d8269d8fea8
Translated documentation on cache revalidation into russian.
Vladimir Homutov <vl@nginx.com>
parents:
966
diff
changeset
|
496 “<literal>STALE</literal>”, “<literal>UPDATING</literal>”, |
2d8269d8fea8
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497 “<literal>REVALIDATED</literal>” или “<literal>HIT</literal>”. |
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498 </tag-desc> |
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499 |
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500 <tag-name id="var_upstream_cookie_"><var>$upstream_cookie_</var><value>имя</value></tag-name> |
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501 <tag-desc> |
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502 кука с указанным <value>именем</value>, переданная сервером группы |
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503 в поле <header>Set-Cookie</header> заголовка ответа (1.7.1). |
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504 Необходимо иметь в виду, что запоминаются поля заголовка только из ответа |
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505 последнего сервера. |
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506 </tag-desc> |
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507 |
1155
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Assigned IDs to tags describing variables.
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508 <tag-name id="var_upstream_response_length"><var>$upstream_response_length</var> |
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509 </tag-name> |
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510 <tag-desc> |
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511 хранит длины ответов, полученных от серверов группы (0.7.27); |
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512 длины хранятся в байтах. |
966 | 513 Длины нескольких ответов разделяются запятыми и двоеточиями |
514 подобно адресам в переменной <var>$upstream_addr</var>. | |
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515 </tag-desc> |
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516 |
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517 <tag-name id="var_upstream_response_time"><var>$upstream_response_time</var> |
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518 </tag-name> |
292 | 519 <tag-desc> |
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520 хранит времена ответов, полученных от серверов группы; |
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521 времена хранятся в секундах с точностью до миллисекунд. |
966 | 522 Времена нескольких ответов разделяются запятыми и двоеточиями |
523 подобно адресам в переменной <var>$upstream_addr</var>. | |
292 | 524 </tag-desc> |
76
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Russian documentation import.
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525 |
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526 <tag-name id="var_upstream_status"><var>$upstream_status</var></tag-name> |
292 | 527 <tag-desc> |
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528 хранит коды ответов, полученных от серверов группы. |
966 | 529 Коды нескольких ответов разделяются запятыми и двоеточиями |
530 подобно адресам в переменной <var>$upstream_addr</var>. | |
292 | 531 </tag-desc> |
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532 |
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533 <tag-name id="var_upstream_http_"><var>$upstream_http_</var><value>имя</value></tag-name> |
292 | 534 <tag-desc> |
535 хранят поля заголовка ответа сервера. | |
536 Например, поле заголовка ответа <header>Server</header> | |
537 доступно в переменной <var>$upstream_http_server</var>. | |
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538 Правила преобразования имён полей заголовка ответа в имена переменных |
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539 такие же, как для переменных с префиксом |
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540 “<link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="variables">$http_</link>”. |
966 | 541 Необходимо иметь в виду, что запоминаются поля заголовка только из ответа |
292 | 542 последнего сервера. |
543 </tag-desc> | |
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544 |
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545 </list> |
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546 </para> |
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547 |
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548 </section> |
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549 |
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550 </module> |