Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/ru/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.xml @ 732:cea4732f6843
The stale note about ngx_http_rewrite_module experimental status removed.
author | Maxim Konovalov <maxim@nginx.com> |
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date | Tue, 16 Oct 2012 12:44:45 +0000 |
parents | f62328124e5b |
children | e26a18eb5ccd |
rev | line source |
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1 <?xml version="1.0"?> |
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2 |
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3 <!-- |
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4 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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5 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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6 --> |
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7 |
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8 <!DOCTYPE module SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/module.dtd"> |
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9 |
292 | 10 <module name="Модуль ngx_http_upstream_module" |
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11 link="/ru/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html" |
589 | 12 lang="ru" |
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13 rev="2"> |
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14 |
110
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15 <section id="summary"> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
292 | 18 Модуль <literal>ngx_http_upstream_module</literal> |
19 позволяет описывать группы серверов, | |
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20 которые могут использоваться в директивах |
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21 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_pass"/>, |
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22 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_pass"/> и |
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23 <link doc="ngx_http_memcached_module.xml" id="memcached_pass"/>. |
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24 </para> |
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25 |
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26 </section> |
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27 |
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28 |
292 | 29 <section id="example" name="Пример конфигурации"> |
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30 |
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31 <para> |
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32 <example> |
292 | 33 upstream <emphasis>backend</emphasis> { |
34 server backend1.example.com weight=5; | |
35 server backend2.example.com:8080; | |
36 server unix:/tmp/backend3; | |
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37 |
292 | 38 server backup1.example.com:8080 backup; |
39 server backup2.example.com:8080 backup; | |
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40 } |
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41 |
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42 server { |
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43 location / { |
292 | 44 proxy_pass http://<emphasis>backend</emphasis>; |
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45 } |
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46 } |
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47 </example> |
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48 </para> |
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49 |
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50 </section> |
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51 |
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52 |
292 | 53 <section id="directives" name="Директивы"> |
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54 |
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55 <directive name="upstream"> |
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56 <syntax block="yes"><value>название</value></syntax> |
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57 <default/> |
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58 <context>http</context> |
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59 |
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60 <para> |
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61 Описывает группу серверов. |
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62 Серверы могут слушать на разных портах. |
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63 Кроме того, можно одновременно использовать серверы, |
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64 слушающие на TCP- и UNIX-сокетах. |
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65 </para> |
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66 |
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67 <para> |
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68 Пример: |
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69 <example> |
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70 upstream backend { |
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71 server backend1.example.com weight=5; |
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72 server 127.0.0.1:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s; |
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73 server unix:/tmp/backend3; |
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74 } |
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75 </example> |
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76 </para> |
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77 |
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78 <para> |
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79 По умолчанию запросы распределяются по серверам циклически |
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80 (в режиме round-robin) с учётом весов серверов. |
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81 В вышеприведённом примере каждые 7 запросов будут распределены так: |
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82 5 запросов на <literal>backend1.example.com</literal> |
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83 и по одному запросу на второй и третий серверы. |
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84 Если при попытке работы с сервером произошла ошибка, то запрос будет |
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85 передан следующему серверу, и так до тех пор, пока не будут опробованы |
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86 все работающие серверы. |
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87 Если не удастся получить успешный ответ |
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88 ни от одного из серверов, то клиенту будет возвращён результат работы |
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89 с последним сервером. |
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90 </para> |
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91 |
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92 </directive> |
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93 |
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94 |
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95 <directive name="server"> |
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96 <syntax><value>адрес</value> [<value>параметры</value>]</syntax> |
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97 <default/> |
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98 <context>upstream</context> |
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99 |
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100 <para> |
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101 Задаёт <value>адрес</value> и другие <value>параметры</value> |
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102 сервера. |
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103 Адрес может быть указан в виде доменного имени или IP-адреса, |
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104 и необязательного порта, или в виде пути UNIX-сокета, который |
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105 указывается после префикса “<literal>unix:</literal>”. |
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106 Если порт не указан, используется порт 80. |
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107 Доменное имя, которому соответствует несколько IP-адресов, |
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108 задаёт сразу несколько серверов. |
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109 </para> |
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110 |
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111 <para> |
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112 Могут быть заданы следующие параметры: |
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113 <list type="tag"> |
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114 |
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115 <tag-name><literal>weight</literal>=<value>число</value></tag-name> |
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116 <tag-desc> |
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117 задаёт вес сервера, по умолчанию 1. |
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118 </tag-desc> |
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119 |
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120 <tag-name><literal>max_fails</literal>=<value>число</value></tag-name> |
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121 <tag-desc> |
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122 задаёт число неудачных попыток работы с сервером |
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123 в течение времени, заданного параметром <literal>fail_timeout</literal>, |
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124 после которого он считается неработающим, также в течение времени |
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125 заданного параметром <literal>fail_timeout</literal>. |
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126 По умолчанию число попыток устанавливается равным 1. |
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127 Нулевое значение запрещает учёт попыток. |
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128 Что считается неудачной попыткой, задаётся директивами |
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129 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_next_upstream"/>, |
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130 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_next_upstream"/> и |
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131 <link doc="ngx_http_memcached_module.xml" id="memcached_next_upstream"/>. |
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132 Состояние <literal>http_404</literal> |
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133 не считается неудачной попыткой. |
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134 </tag-desc> |
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135 |
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136 <tag-name><literal>fail_timeout</literal>=<value>время</value></tag-name> |
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137 <tag-desc> |
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138 задаёт |
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139 <list type="bullet"> |
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140 |
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141 <listitem> |
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142 время, в течение которого должно произойти заданное число неудачных |
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143 попыток работы с сервером для того, чтобы сервер считался неработающим; |
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144 </listitem> |
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145 |
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146 <listitem> |
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147 и время, в течение которого сервер будет считаться неработающим. |
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148 </listitem> |
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149 |
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150 </list> |
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151 По умолчанию таймаут равен 10 секундам. |
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152 </tag-desc> |
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153 |
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154 <tag-name><literal>backup</literal></tag-name> |
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155 <tag-desc> |
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156 помечает сервер как запасной сервер. |
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157 На него будут передаваться запросы в случае, если не работают основные серверы. |
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158 </tag-desc> |
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159 |
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160 <tag-name><literal>down</literal></tag-name> |
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161 <tag-desc> |
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162 помечает сервер как постоянно неработающий; используется |
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163 совместно с директивой <link id="ip_hash"/>. |
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164 </tag-desc> |
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165 |
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166 </list> |
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167 </para> |
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168 |
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169 <para> |
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170 Пример: |
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171 <example> |
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172 upstream backend { |
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173 server backend1.example.com weight=5; |
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174 server 127.0.0.1:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s; |
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175 server unix:/tmp/backend3; |
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176 |
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177 server backup1.example.com:8080 backup; |
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178 } |
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179 </example> |
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180 </para> |
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181 |
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182 </directive> |
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183 |
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184 |
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185 <directive name="ip_hash"> |
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186 <syntax/> |
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187 <default/> |
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188 <context>upstream</context> |
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189 |
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190 <para> |
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191 Задаёт для группы метод балансировки нагрузки, при котором запросы |
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192 распределяются по серверам на основе IP-адресов клиентов. |
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193 В качестве ключа для хэширования используются первые три |
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194 октета IPv4-адреса клиента или IPv6-адрес клиента целиком. |
292 | 195 Метод гарантирует, что запросы одного и того же клиента |
196 будут всегда передаваться на один и тот же сервер. | |
197 Если же этот сервер будет считаться неработающим, | |
198 то запросы этого клиента будут передаваться на другой сервер. | |
199 С большой долей вероятности это также будет один и тот же сервер. | |
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200 <note> |
566 | 201 IPv6-адреса поддерживаются начиная с версий 1.3.2 и 1.2.2. |
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202 </note> |
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203 </para> |
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204 |
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205 <para> |
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206 Если один из серверов нужно убрать на некоторое время, то для сохранения |
292 | 207 текущего хэширования IP-адресов клиентов этот сервер нужно пометить |
208 параметром <literal>down</literal>. | |
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209 </para> |
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210 |
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211 <para> |
292 | 212 Пример: |
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213 <example> |
292 | 214 upstream backend { |
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215 ip_hash; |
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216 |
292 | 217 server backend1.example.com; |
218 server backend2.example.com; | |
219 server backend3.example.com <emphasis>down</emphasis>; | |
220 server backend4.example.com; | |
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221 } |
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222 </example> |
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223 </para> |
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224 |
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225 <para> |
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226 <note> |
566 | 227 До версий 1.3.1 и 1.2.2 для серверов, использующих метод балансировки нагрузки |
526
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228 <literal>ip_hash</literal>, нельзя было задать вес. |
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229 </note> |
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230 </para> |
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231 |
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232 </directive> |
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233 |
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234 |
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235 <directive name="keepalive"> |
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236 <syntax><value>соединения</value></syntax> |
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237 <default/> |
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238 <context>upstream</context> |
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239 <appeared-in>1.1.4</appeared-in> |
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240 |
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241 <para> |
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242 Задействует кэш соединений для группы серверов. |
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243 </para> |
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244 |
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245 <para> |
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246 Параметр <value>соединения</value> устанавливает максимальное число |
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247 неактивных постоянных соединений с серверами группы, которые будут |
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248 сохраняться в кэше каждого рабочего процесса. |
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249 При превышении этого числа наиболее давно не используемые соединения |
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250 закрываются. |
316
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251 <note> |
654
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252 Следует особо отметить, что директива <literal>keepalive</literal> |
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253 не ограничивает общее число соединений с серверами группы, которые |
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254 рабочие процессы nginx могут открыть. |
316
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255 Параметр <value>соединения</value> следует устанавливать |
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256 достаточно консервативно для обеспечения возможности |
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257 обработки серверами группы новых входящих соединений. |
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258 </note> |
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259 </para> |
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260 |
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261 <para> |
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262 Пример конфигурации группы серверов memcached с постоянными соединениями: |
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263 <example> |
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264 upstream memcached_backend { |
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265 server 127.0.0.1:11211; |
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266 server 10.0.0.2:11211; |
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267 |
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268 keepalive 32; |
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269 } |
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270 |
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271 server { |
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272 ... |
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273 |
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274 location /memcached/ { |
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275 set $memcached_key $uri; |
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276 memcached_pass memcached_backend; |
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277 } |
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278 |
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279 } |
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280 </example> |
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281 </para> |
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282 |
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283 <para> |
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284 Для HTTP директиву |
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285 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_http_version"/> |
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286 следует установить в “<literal>1.1</literal>”, |
367
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287 а поле заголовка <header>Connection</header> — очистить: |
316
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288 <example> |
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289 upstream http_backend { |
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290 server 127.0.0.1:8080; |
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291 |
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292 keepalive 16; |
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293 } |
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294 |
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295 server { |
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296 ... |
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297 |
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298 location /http/ { |
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299 proxy_pass http://http_backend; |
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300 proxy_http_version 1.1; |
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301 proxy_set_header Connection ""; |
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302 ... |
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303 } |
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304 } |
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305 </example> |
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306 </para> |
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307 |
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308 <para> |
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309 <note> |
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310 Хоть это и не рекомендуется, но также возможно использование постоянных |
325
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311 соединений в HTTP/1.0, путём передачи поля заголовка |
316
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312 <header>Connection: Keep-Alive</header> серверу группы. |
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313 </note> |
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314 </para> |
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315 |
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316 <para> |
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317 Для работы постоянных соединений с FastCGI-серверами потребуется |
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318 включить директиву |
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319 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_keep_conn"/>: |
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320 <example> |
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321 upstream fastcgi_backend { |
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322 server 127.0.0.1:9000; |
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323 |
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324 keepalive 8; |
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325 } |
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326 |
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327 server { |
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328 ... |
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329 |
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330 location /fastcgi/ { |
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331 fastcgi_pass fastcgi_backend; |
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332 fastcgi_keep_conn on; |
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333 ... |
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334 } |
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335 } |
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336 </example> |
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337 </para> |
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338 |
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339 <para> |
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340 <note> |
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341 При использовании методов балансировки нагрузки, отличных |
316
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342 от стандартного round-robin, следует активировать их до |
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343 директивы <literal>keepalive</literal>. |
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344 </note> |
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345 |
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346 <note> |
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347 Протоколы SCGI и uwsgi не определяют семантику постоянных соединений. |
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348 </note> |
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349 </para> |
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350 |
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351 </directive> |
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352 |
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353 |
526
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354 <directive name="least_conn"> |
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355 <syntax/> |
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356 <default/> |
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357 <context>upstream</context> |
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358 <appeared-in>1.3.1</appeared-in> |
566 | 359 <appeared-in>1.2.2</appeared-in> |
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360 |
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361 <para> |
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362 Задаёт для группы метод балансировки нагрузки, при котором запрос |
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363 передаётся серверу с наименьшим числом активных соединений, |
526
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364 с учётом весов серверов. |
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365 Если подходит сразу несколько серверов, они выбираются циклически |
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366 (в режиме round-robin) с учётом их весов. |
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367 </para> |
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368 |
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369 </directive> |
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370 |
76
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371 </section> |
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372 |
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373 |
292 | 374 <section id="variables" name="Встроенные переменные"> |
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375 |
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376 <para> |
292 | 377 Модуль <literal>ngx_http_upstream_module</literal> |
378 поддерживает следующие встроенные переменные: | |
379 <list type="tag"> | |
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380 |
292 | 381 <tag-name><var>$upstream_addr</var></tag-name> |
382 <tag-desc> | |
383 хранит IP-адрес и порт сервера или путь к UNIX-сокету. | |
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384 Если при обработке запроса были сделаны обращения к нескольким серверам, |
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385 то их адреса разделяются запятой, например, |
292 | 386 “<literal>192.168.1.1:80, 192.168.1.2:80, unix:/tmp/sock</literal>”. |
256
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387 Если произошло внутреннее перенаправление от одной группы серверов на другую |
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388 с помощью |
292 | 389 <header>X-Accel-Redirect</header> или |
390 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="error_page"/>, | |
391 то эти группы серверов разделяются двоеточием, например, | |
392 “<literal>192.168.1.1:80, 192.168.1.2:80, unix:/tmp/sock : 192.168.10.1:80, 192.168.10.2:80</literal>”. | |
393 </tag-desc> | |
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394 |
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395 <tag-name><var>$upstream_cache_status</var></tag-name> |
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396 <tag-desc> |
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397 хранит статус доступа к кэшу ответов (0.8.3). |
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398 Статус может быть одним из “<literal>MISS</literal>”, |
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399 “<literal>BYPASS</literal>”, “<literal>EXPIRED</literal>”, |
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400 “<literal>STALE</literal>”, “<literal>UPDATING</literal>” или |
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401 “<literal>HIT</literal>”. |
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402 </tag-desc> |
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403 |
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404 <tag-name><var>$upstream_response_length</var></tag-name> |
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405 <tag-desc> |
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406 хранит длины ответов, полученных от серверов группы (0.7.27); |
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407 длины хранятся в байтах. |
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408 Несколько ответов разделяются запятыми и двоеточиями, |
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409 подобно переменной <var>$upstream_addr</var>. |
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410 </tag-desc> |
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411 |
292 | 412 <tag-name><var>$upstream_response_time</var></tag-name> |
413 <tag-desc> | |
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414 хранит времена ответов, полученных от серверов группы; |
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415 времена хранятся в секундах с точностью до миллисекунд. |
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416 Несколько ответов разделяются запятыми и двоеточиями, |
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417 подобно переменной <var>$upstream_addr</var>. |
292 | 418 </tag-desc> |
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419 |
292 | 420 <tag-name><var>$upstream_status</var></tag-name> |
421 <tag-desc> | |
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422 хранит коды ответов, полученных от серверов группы. |
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423 Несколько ответов разделяются запятыми и двоеточиями, |
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424 подобно переменной <var>$upstream_addr</var>. |
292 | 425 </tag-desc> |
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426 |
292 | 427 <tag-name><var>$upstream_http_...</var></tag-name> |
428 <tag-desc> | |
429 хранят поля заголовка ответа сервера. | |
430 Например, поле заголовка ответа <header>Server</header> | |
431 доступно в переменной <var>$upstream_http_server</var>. | |
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432 Правила преобразования имён полей заголовка ответа в имена переменных |
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433 такие же, как для переменных с префиксом |
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434 “<link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="variables">$http_</link>”. |
292 | 435 Необходимо иметь в виду, что запоминаются только поля заголовка ответа |
436 последнего сервера. | |
437 </tag-desc> | |
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438 |
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439 </list> |
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440 </para> |
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441 |
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442 </section> |
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443 |
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444 </module> |