Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/ru/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.xml @ 993:a59aba3d4b67
Proxy: documented the "proxy_ssl_ciphers" directive.
While here, corrected the description for "proxy_ssl_protocols".
author | Andrei Belov <defan@nginx.com> |
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date | Wed, 02 Oct 2013 13:50:07 +0400 |
parents | 95c3c3bbf1ce |
children | 2d8269d8fea8 |
rev | line source |
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1 <?xml version="1.0"?> |
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2 |
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3 <!-- |
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4 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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5 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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6 --> |
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7 |
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8 <!DOCTYPE module SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/module.dtd"> |
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9 |
292 | 10 <module name="Модуль ngx_http_upstream_module" |
135
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11 link="/ru/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html" |
589 | 12 lang="ru" |
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13 rev="4"> |
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14 |
110
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15 <section id="summary"> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
292 | 18 Модуль <literal>ngx_http_upstream_module</literal> |
19 позволяет описывать группы серверов, | |
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20 которые могут использоваться в директивах |
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21 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_pass"/>, |
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22 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_pass"/> и |
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23 <link doc="ngx_http_memcached_module.xml" id="memcached_pass"/>. |
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24 </para> |
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25 |
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26 </section> |
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27 |
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28 |
292 | 29 <section id="example" name="Пример конфигурации"> |
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30 |
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31 <para> |
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32 <example> |
292 | 33 upstream <emphasis>backend</emphasis> { |
34 server backend1.example.com weight=5; | |
35 server backend2.example.com:8080; | |
36 server unix:/tmp/backend3; | |
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37 |
292 | 38 server backup1.example.com:8080 backup; |
39 server backup2.example.com:8080 backup; | |
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40 } |
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41 |
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42 server { |
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43 location / { |
292 | 44 proxy_pass http://<emphasis>backend</emphasis>; |
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45 } |
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46 } |
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47 </example> |
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48 </para> |
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49 |
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50 </section> |
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51 |
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52 |
292 | 53 <section id="directives" name="Директивы"> |
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54 |
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55 <directive name="upstream"> |
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56 <syntax block="yes"><value>название</value></syntax> |
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57 <default/> |
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58 <context>http</context> |
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59 |
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60 <para> |
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61 Описывает группу серверов. |
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62 Серверы могут слушать на разных портах. |
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63 Кроме того, можно одновременно использовать серверы, |
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64 слушающие на TCP- и UNIX-сокетах. |
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65 </para> |
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66 |
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67 <para> |
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68 Пример: |
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69 <example> |
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70 upstream backend { |
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71 server backend1.example.com weight=5; |
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72 server 127.0.0.1:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s; |
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73 server unix:/tmp/backend3; |
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74 } |
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75 </example> |
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76 </para> |
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77 |
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78 <para> |
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79 По умолчанию запросы распределяются по серверам циклически |
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80 (в режиме round-robin) с учётом весов серверов. |
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81 В вышеприведённом примере каждые 7 запросов будут распределены так: |
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82 5 запросов на <literal>backend1.example.com</literal> |
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83 и по одному запросу на второй и третий серверы. |
966 | 84 Если при попытке работы с сервером происходит ошибка, то запрос |
85 передаётся следующему серверу, и так далее до тех пор, пока не будут опробованы | |
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86 все работающие серверы. |
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87 Если не удастся получить успешный ответ |
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88 ни от одного из серверов, то клиенту будет возвращён результат работы |
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89 с последним сервером. |
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90 </para> |
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91 |
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92 </directive> |
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93 |
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94 |
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95 <directive name="server"> |
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96 <syntax><value>адрес</value> [<value>параметры</value>]</syntax> |
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97 <default/> |
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98 <context>upstream</context> |
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99 |
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100 <para> |
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101 Задаёт <value>адрес</value> и другие <value>параметры</value> |
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102 сервера. |
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103 Адрес может быть указан в виде доменного имени или IP-адреса, |
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104 и необязательного порта, или в виде пути UNIX-сокета, который |
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105 указывается после префикса “<literal>unix:</literal>”. |
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106 Если порт не указан, используется порт 80. |
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107 Доменное имя, которому соответствует несколько IP-адресов, |
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108 задаёт сразу несколько серверов. |
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109 </para> |
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110 |
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111 <para> |
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112 Могут быть заданы следующие параметры: |
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113 <list type="tag"> |
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114 |
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115 <tag-name><literal>weight</literal>=<value>число</value></tag-name> |
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116 <tag-desc> |
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117 задаёт вес сервера, по умолчанию 1. |
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118 </tag-desc> |
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119 |
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120 <tag-name><literal>max_fails</literal>=<value>число</value></tag-name> |
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121 <tag-desc> |
966 | 122 задаёт число неудачных попыток работы с сервером, которые должны произойти |
123 в промежуток времени, заданный параметром <literal>fail_timeout</literal>, | |
124 чтобы сервер считался неработающим на период времени, также заданный | |
125 параметром <literal>fail_timeout</literal>. | |
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126 По умолчанию число попыток устанавливается равным 1. |
966 | 127 Нулевое значение отключает учёт попыток. |
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128 Что считается неудачной попыткой, определяется директивами |
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129 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_next_upstream"/>, |
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130 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_next_upstream"/> и |
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131 <link doc="ngx_http_memcached_module.xml" id="memcached_next_upstream"/>. |
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132 </tag-desc> |
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133 |
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134 <tag-name><literal>fail_timeout</literal>=<value>время</value></tag-name> |
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135 <tag-desc> |
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136 задаёт |
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137 <list type="bullet"> |
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138 |
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139 <listitem> |
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140 время, в течение которого должно произойти заданное число неудачных |
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141 попыток работы с сервером для того, чтобы сервер считался неработающим; |
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142 </listitem> |
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143 |
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144 <listitem> |
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145 и время, в течение которого сервер будет считаться неработающим. |
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146 </listitem> |
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147 |
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148 </list> |
966 | 149 По умолчанию параметр равен 10 секундам. |
533
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150 </tag-desc> |
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151 |
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152 <tag-name><literal>backup</literal></tag-name> |
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153 <tag-desc> |
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154 помечает сервер как запасной сервер. |
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155 На него будут передаваться запросы в случае, если не работают основные серверы. |
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156 </tag-desc> |
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157 |
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158 <tag-name><literal>down</literal></tag-name> |
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159 <tag-desc> |
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160 помечает сервер как постоянно неработающий; используется |
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161 совместно с директивой <link id="ip_hash"/>. |
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162 </tag-desc> |
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163 |
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164 </list> |
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165 </para> |
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166 |
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167 <para> |
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168 Пример: |
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169 <example> |
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170 upstream backend { |
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171 server backend1.example.com weight=5; |
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172 server 127.0.0.1:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s; |
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173 server unix:/tmp/backend3; |
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174 |
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175 server backup1.example.com:8080 backup; |
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176 } |
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177 </example> |
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178 </para> |
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179 |
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180 </directive> |
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181 |
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182 |
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183 <directive name="ip_hash"> |
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184 <syntax/> |
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185 <default/> |
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186 <context>upstream</context> |
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187 |
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188 <para> |
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189 Задаёт для группы метод балансировки нагрузки, при котором запросы |
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190 распределяются по серверам на основе IP-адресов клиентов. |
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191 В качестве ключа для хэширования используются первые три |
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192 октета IPv4-адреса клиента или IPv6-адрес клиента целиком. |
292 | 193 Метод гарантирует, что запросы одного и того же клиента |
194 будут всегда передаваться на один и тот же сервер. | |
195 Если же этот сервер будет считаться неработающим, | |
196 то запросы этого клиента будут передаваться на другой сервер. | |
197 С большой долей вероятности это также будет один и тот же сервер. | |
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198 <note> |
566 | 199 IPv6-адреса поддерживаются начиная с версий 1.3.2 и 1.2.2. |
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200 </note> |
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201 </para> |
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202 |
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203 <para> |
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204 Если один из серверов нужно убрать на некоторое время, то для сохранения |
292 | 205 текущего хэширования IP-адресов клиентов этот сервер нужно пометить |
206 параметром <literal>down</literal>. | |
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207 </para> |
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208 |
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209 <para> |
292 | 210 Пример: |
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211 <example> |
292 | 212 upstream backend { |
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213 ip_hash; |
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214 |
292 | 215 server backend1.example.com; |
216 server backend2.example.com; | |
217 server backend3.example.com <emphasis>down</emphasis>; | |
218 server backend4.example.com; | |
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219 } |
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220 </example> |
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221 </para> |
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222 |
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223 <para> |
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224 <note> |
566 | 225 До версий 1.3.1 и 1.2.2 для серверов, использующих метод балансировки нагрузки |
526
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226 <literal>ip_hash</literal>, нельзя было задать вес. |
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227 </note> |
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228 </para> |
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229 |
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230 </directive> |
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231 |
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232 |
316
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233 <directive name="keepalive"> |
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234 <syntax><value>соединения</value></syntax> |
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235 <default/> |
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236 <context>upstream</context> |
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237 <appeared-in>1.1.4</appeared-in> |
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238 |
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239 <para> |
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240 Задействует кэш соединений для группы серверов. |
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241 </para> |
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242 |
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243 <para> |
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244 Параметр <value>соединения</value> устанавливает максимальное число |
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245 неактивных постоянных соединений с серверами группы, которые будут |
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246 сохраняться в кэше каждого рабочего процесса. |
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247 При превышении этого числа наиболее давно не используемые соединения |
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248 закрываются. |
316
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249 <note> |
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250 Следует особо отметить, что директива <literal>keepalive</literal> |
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251 не ограничивает общее число соединений с серверами группы, которые |
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252 рабочие процессы nginx могут открыть. |
966 | 253 Параметр <value>соединения</value> следует устанавливать достаточно |
254 консервативно, чтобы серверы группы по-прежнему могли обрабатывать | |
255 новые входящие соединения. | |
316
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256 </note> |
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257 </para> |
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258 |
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259 <para> |
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260 Пример конфигурации группы серверов memcached с постоянными соединениями: |
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261 <example> |
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262 upstream memcached_backend { |
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263 server 127.0.0.1:11211; |
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264 server 10.0.0.2:11211; |
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265 |
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266 keepalive 32; |
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267 } |
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268 |
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269 server { |
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270 ... |
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271 |
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272 location /memcached/ { |
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273 set $memcached_key $uri; |
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274 memcached_pass memcached_backend; |
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275 } |
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276 |
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277 } |
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278 </example> |
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279 </para> |
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280 |
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281 <para> |
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282 Для HTTP директиву |
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283 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_http_version"/> |
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284 следует установить в “<literal>1.1</literal>”, |
367
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285 а поле заголовка <header>Connection</header> — очистить: |
316
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286 <example> |
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287 upstream http_backend { |
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288 server 127.0.0.1:8080; |
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289 |
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290 keepalive 16; |
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291 } |
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292 |
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293 server { |
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294 ... |
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295 |
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296 location /http/ { |
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297 proxy_pass http://http_backend; |
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298 proxy_http_version 1.1; |
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299 proxy_set_header Connection ""; |
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300 ... |
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301 } |
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302 } |
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303 </example> |
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304 </para> |
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305 |
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306 <para> |
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307 <note> |
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308 Хоть это и не рекомендуется, но также возможно использование постоянных |
966 | 309 соединений с HTTP/1.0, путём передачи поля заголовка |
316
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310 <header>Connection: Keep-Alive</header> серверу группы. |
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311 </note> |
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312 </para> |
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313 |
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314 <para> |
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315 Для работы постоянных соединений с FastCGI-серверами потребуется |
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316 включить директиву |
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317 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_keep_conn"/>: |
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318 <example> |
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319 upstream fastcgi_backend { |
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320 server 127.0.0.1:9000; |
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321 |
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322 keepalive 8; |
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323 } |
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324 |
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325 server { |
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326 ... |
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327 |
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328 location /fastcgi/ { |
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329 fastcgi_pass fastcgi_backend; |
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330 fastcgi_keep_conn on; |
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331 ... |
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332 } |
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333 } |
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334 </example> |
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335 </para> |
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336 |
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337 <para> |
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338 <note> |
533
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339 При использовании методов балансировки нагрузки, отличных |
316
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340 от стандартного round-robin, следует активировать их до |
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341 директивы <literal>keepalive</literal>. |
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342 </note> |
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343 |
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344 <note> |
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345 Протоколы SCGI и uwsgi не определяют семантику постоянных соединений. |
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346 </note> |
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347 </para> |
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348 |
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349 </directive> |
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350 |
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351 |
526
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352 <directive name="least_conn"> |
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353 <syntax/> |
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354 <default/> |
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355 <context>upstream</context> |
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356 <appeared-in>1.3.1</appeared-in> |
566 | 357 <appeared-in>1.2.2</appeared-in> |
526
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358 |
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359 <para> |
533
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360 Задаёт для группы метод балансировки нагрузки, при котором запрос |
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361 передаётся серверу с наименьшим числом активных соединений, |
526
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362 с учётом весов серверов. |
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363 Если подходит сразу несколько серверов, они выбираются циклически |
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364 (в режиме round-robin) с учётом их весов. |
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365 </para> |
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366 |
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367 </directive> |
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368 |
76
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369 </section> |
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370 |
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371 |
292 | 372 <section id="variables" name="Встроенные переменные"> |
76
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373 |
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374 <para> |
292 | 375 Модуль <literal>ngx_http_upstream_module</literal> |
376 поддерживает следующие встроенные переменные: | |
377 <list type="tag"> | |
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378 |
292 | 379 <tag-name><var>$upstream_addr</var></tag-name> |
380 <tag-desc> | |
381 хранит IP-адрес и порт сервера или путь к UNIX-сокету. | |
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382 Если при обработке запроса были сделаны обращения к нескольким серверам, |
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383 то их адреса разделяются запятой, например, |
292 | 384 “<literal>192.168.1.1:80, 192.168.1.2:80, unix:/tmp/sock</literal>”. |
256
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385 Если произошло внутреннее перенаправление от одной группы серверов на другую |
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386 с помощью |
292 | 387 <header>X-Accel-Redirect</header> или |
388 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="error_page"/>, | |
966 | 389 то адреса, соответствующие разным группам серверов, разделяются двоеточием, |
390 например, | |
292 | 391 “<literal>192.168.1.1:80, 192.168.1.2:80, unix:/tmp/sock : 192.168.10.1:80, 192.168.10.2:80</literal>”. |
392 </tag-desc> | |
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393 |
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394 <tag-name><var>$upstream_cache_status</var></tag-name> |
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395 <tag-desc> |
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396 хранит статус доступа к кэшу ответов (0.8.3). |
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397 Статус может быть одним из “<literal>MISS</literal>”, |
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398 “<literal>BYPASS</literal>”, “<literal>EXPIRED</literal>”, |
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399 “<literal>STALE</literal>”, “<literal>UPDATING</literal>” или |
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400 “<literal>HIT</literal>”. |
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401 </tag-desc> |
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402 |
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403 <tag-name><var>$upstream_response_length</var></tag-name> |
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404 <tag-desc> |
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405 хранит длины ответов, полученных от серверов группы (0.7.27); |
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406 длины хранятся в байтах. |
966 | 407 Длины нескольких ответов разделяются запятыми и двоеточиями |
408 подобно адресам в переменной <var>$upstream_addr</var>. | |
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409 </tag-desc> |
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410 |
292 | 411 <tag-name><var>$upstream_response_time</var></tag-name> |
412 <tag-desc> | |
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413 хранит времена ответов, полученных от серверов группы; |
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414 времена хранятся в секундах с точностью до миллисекунд. |
966 | 415 Времена нескольких ответов разделяются запятыми и двоеточиями |
416 подобно адресам в переменной <var>$upstream_addr</var>. | |
292 | 417 </tag-desc> |
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418 |
292 | 419 <tag-name><var>$upstream_status</var></tag-name> |
420 <tag-desc> | |
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421 хранит коды ответов, полученных от серверов группы. |
966 | 422 Коды нескольких ответов разделяются запятыми и двоеточиями |
423 подобно адресам в переменной <var>$upstream_addr</var>. | |
292 | 424 </tag-desc> |
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425 |
292 | 426 <tag-name><var>$upstream_http_...</var></tag-name> |
427 <tag-desc> | |
428 хранят поля заголовка ответа сервера. | |
429 Например, поле заголовка ответа <header>Server</header> | |
430 доступно в переменной <var>$upstream_http_server</var>. | |
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431 Правила преобразования имён полей заголовка ответа в имена переменных |
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432 такие же, как для переменных с префиксом |
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433 “<link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="variables">$http_</link>”. |
966 | 434 Необходимо иметь в виду, что запоминаются поля заголовка только из ответа |
292 | 435 последнего сервера. |
436 </tag-desc> | |
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437 |
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438 </list> |
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439 </para> |
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440 |
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441 </section> |
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442 |
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443 </module> |