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Unified server names matching description with server_name directive, improved wording and various typesetting-related changes
author Vladimir Homutov <vl@nginx.com>
date Thu, 09 Aug 2012 10:36:48 +0000
parents 2300e4c1a231
children 13f64b371d2c
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be54c443235a Added copyright markers to documentation sources.
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1 <!--
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2 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev
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3 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc.
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4 -->
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5
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6 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd">
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7
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8 <article name="Server names"
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9 link="/en/docs/http/server_names.html"
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10 lang="en"
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11 rev="2"
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12 author="Igor Sysoev"
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13 editor="Brian Mercer">
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14
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15
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16 <section>
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17
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18 <para>
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19 Server names are defined using the
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20 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/>
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21 directive
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22 and determine which <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/> block
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23 is used for a given request.
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24 See also “<link doc="request_processing.xml"/>”.
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25 They may be defined using exact names, wildcard names, or regular expressions:
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26
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27 <programlisting>
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28 server {
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29 listen 80;
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30 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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31 ...
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32 }
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34 server {
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35 listen 80;
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36 server_name *.example.org;
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37 ...
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38 }
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40 server {
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41 listen 80;
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42 server_name mail.*;
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43 ...
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44 }
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45
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46 server {
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47 listen 80;
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48 server_name ~^(?&lt;user&gt;.+)\.example\.net$;
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49 ...
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50 }
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51 </programlisting>
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52 </para>
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53
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54 <para>
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55 When searching for a virtual server by name, if name matches more than one of
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56 the specified variants, e.g. both wildcard name and regular expression match,
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57 the first matching variant will be chosen, in the following order of precedence:
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58 <list type="enum">
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59
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60 <listitem>
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61 exact name
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62 </listitem>
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64 <listitem>
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65 longest wildcard name starting with an asterisk, e.g.
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66 “<literal>*.example.org</literal>”
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67 </listitem>
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69 <listitem>
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70 longest wildcard name ending with an asterisk, e.g. “<literal>mail.*</literal>”
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71 </listitem>
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72
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73 <listitem>
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74 first matching regular expression
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75 (in order of appearance in a configuration file).
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76 </listitem>
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77
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78 </list>
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79 </para>
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80
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81 </section>
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82
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83
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84 <section id="wildcard_names"
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85 name="Wildcard names">
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86
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87 <para>
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88 A wildcard name may contain an asterisk only on the name's start or end,
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89 and only on a dot border. The names “<literal>www.*.example.org</literal>”
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90 and “<literal>w*.example.org</literal>” are invalid.
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91 However, these names can be specified using regular expressions,
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92 for example, “<literal>~^www\..+\.example\.org$</literal>” and
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93 “<literal>~^w.*\.example\.org$</literal>”.
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94 An asterisk can match several name parts.
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95 The name “<literal>*.example.org</literal>” matches not only
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96 <literal>www.example.org</literal> but <literal>www.sub.example.org</literal> as well.
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97 </para>
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98
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99 <para>
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100 A special wildcard name in the form “<literal>.example.org</literal>” can be
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101 used to match both the exact name “<literal>example.org</literal>”
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102 and the wildcard name “<literal>*.example.org</literal>”.
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103 </para>
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104
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105 </section>
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106
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107
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108 <section id="regex_names"
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109 name="Regular expressions names">
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110
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111 <para>
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112 The regular expressions used by nginx are compatible with those used
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113 by the Perl programming language (PCRE).
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114 To use a regular expression, the server name must start with the tilde
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115 character:
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116
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117 <programlisting>
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118 server_name ~^www\d+\.example\.net$;
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119 </programlisting>
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120
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121 otherwise it will be treated as an exact name, or if the expression contains
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122 an asterisk, as a wildcard name (and most likely as an invalid one).
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123 Do not forget to set “<literal>^</literal>” and “<literal>$</literal>” anchors.
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124 They are not required syntactically, but logically.
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125 Also note that domain name dots should be escaped with a backslash.
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126 A regular expression containing the characters “<literal>{</literal>”
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127 and “<literal>}</literal>” should be quoted:
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128
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129 <programlisting>
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130 server_name "~^(?&lt;name&gt;\w\d<b>{</b>1,3<b>}</b>+)\.example\.net$";
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131 </programlisting>
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132
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133 otherwise nginx will fail to start and display the error message:
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134
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135 <programlisting>
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136 directive "server_name" is not terminated by ";" in ...
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137 </programlisting>
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138
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139 A named regular expression capture can be used later as a variable:
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140
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141 <programlisting>
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142 server {
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143 server_name ~^(www\.)?(<b>?&lt;domain&gt;</b>.+)$;
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144
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145 location / {
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146 root /sites/<b>$domain</b>;
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147 }
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148 }
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149 </programlisting>
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150
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151 The PCRE library supports named captures using the following syntax:
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152
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153 <table note="yes">
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154
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155 <tr>
271
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156 <td><literal>?&lt;<value>name</value>&gt;</literal></td>
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157 <td>Perl 5.10 compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-7.0</td>
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158 </tr>
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159
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160 <tr>
271
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161 <td><literal>?'<value>name</value>'</literal></td>
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162 <td>Perl 5.10 compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-7.0</td>
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163 </tr>
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164
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165 <tr>
271
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166 <td><literal>?P&lt;<value>name</value>&gt;</literal></td>
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167 <td>Python compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-4.0</td>
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168 </tr>
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169
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170 </table>
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171
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172 If nginx fails to start and displays the error message:
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173
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174 <programlisting>
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175 pcre_compile() failed: unrecognized character after (?&lt; in ...
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176 </programlisting>
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177
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178 this means that the PCRE library is old and the syntax
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179 “<literal>?P&lt;<value>name</value>&gt;</literal>” should be tried instead.
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180 The captures can also be used in digital form:
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181
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182 <programlisting>
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183 server {
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184 server_name ~^(www\.)?(.+)$;
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185
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186 location / {
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187 root /sites/<b>$2</b>;
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188 }
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189 }
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190 </programlisting>
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191
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192 However, such usage should be limited to simple cases (like the above),
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193 since the digital references can easily be overwritten.
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194 </para>
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195
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196
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197 </section>
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198
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199
121
49443032011c Unified <section> syntax for "article" and "module" documents.
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200 <section id="miscellaneous_names"
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201 name="Miscellaneous names">
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202
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203 <para>
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204 There are some server names that are treated specially.
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205 </para>
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206
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207 <para>
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208 If it is required to process requests without the <header>Host</header>
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209 header field in a <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>
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210 block which is not the default, an empty name should be specified:
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211
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212 <programlisting>
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213 server {
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214 listen 80;
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215 server_name example.org www.example.org "";
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216 ...
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217 }
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218 </programlisting>
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219 </para>
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220
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221 <para>
271
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222 If no
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223 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/>
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224 is defined in a <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/> block
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225 then nginx uses the empty name as the server name.
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226 <note>
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227 nginx versions up to 0.8.48 used the <i>hostname</i> as the server name
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228 in this case.
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229 </note>
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230 </para>
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231
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232 <para>
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233 If someone makes a request using an IP address instead of a server name,
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234 the <header>Host</header> request header field will contain the IP address
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235 and the request can be handled using the IP address as the server name:
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236
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237 <programlisting>
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238 server {
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239 listen 80;
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240 server_name example.org
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241 www.example.org
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242 ""
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243 <b>192.168.1.1</b>
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244 ;
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245 ...
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246 }
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247 </programlisting>
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248 </para>
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249
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250 <para>
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251 In catch-all server examples the strange name “<literal>_</literal>” can
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252 be seen:
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253
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254 <programlisting>
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255 server {
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256 listen 80 default_server;
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257 server_name _;
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258 return 444;
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259 }
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260 </programlisting>
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261
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262 There is nothing special about this name, it is just one of a myriad
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263 of invalid domain names which never intersect with any real name.
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264 Other invalid names like “<literal>--</literal>” and “<literal>!@#</literal>”
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265 may equally be used.
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266 </para>
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267
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268 <para>
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269 nginx versions up to 0.6.25 supported the special name “<literal>*</literal>”
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270 which was erroneously interpreted to be a catch-all name.
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271 It never functioned as a catch-all or wildcard server name.
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272 Instead, it supplied the functionality that is now provided
271
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273 by the
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274 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/>
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275 directive.
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276 The special name “<literal>*</literal>” is now deprecated
271
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277 and the
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278 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name_in_redirect"/>
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279 directive should be used.
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280 Note that there is no way to specify the catch-all name or
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281 the default server using the
271
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282 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/>
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283 directive.
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284 This is a property of the
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285 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/>
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286 directive
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287 and not of the
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288 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/>
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289 directive.
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290 See also “<link doc="request_processing.xml"/>”.
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291 It is possible to define servers listening on ports *:80 and *:8080,
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292 and direct that one will be the default server for port *:8080,
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293 while the other will be the default for port *:80:
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294
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295 <programlisting>
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296 server {
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297 listen 80;
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298 listen 8080 default_server;
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299 server_name example.net;
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300 ...
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301 }
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302
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303 server {
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304 listen 80 default_server;
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305 listen 8080;
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306 server_name example.org;
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307 ...
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308 }
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309 </programlisting>
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310 </para>
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311
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312
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313 </section>
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314
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315
121
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316 <section id="optimization"
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317 name="Optimization">
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318
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319 <para>
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320 Exact names, wildcard names starting with an asterisk,
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321 and wildcard names ending with an asterisk are stored
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322 in three hash tables bound to the listen ports.
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323 The sizes of hash tables are optimized at the configuration phase
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324 so that a name can be found with the fewest CPU cache misses.
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325 See also “<link doc="../hash.xml"/>”.
618
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326 </para>
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327
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328 <para>
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329 The exact names hash table is searched first.
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330 If a name is not found, the hash table with wildcard names
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331 starting with an asterisk is searched.
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332 If the name is not found there, the hash table with wildcard names
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333 ending with an asterisk is searched.
618
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334 </para>
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335
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336 <para>
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337 Searching wildcard names hash table is slower than searching exact names hash
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338 table because names are searched by domain parts.
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339 Note that the special wildcard form “<literal>.example.org</literal>”
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340 is stored in a wildcard names hash table and not in an exact names hash table.
618
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341 </para>
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342
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343 <para>
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344 Regular expressions are tested sequentially
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345 and therefore are the slowest method and are non-scalable.
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346 </para>
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347
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348 <para>
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349 For these reasons, it is better to use exact names where possible.
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350 For example, if the most frequently requested names of a server
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130fad6dc1b4 Replaced the uses of "url" element with "literal".
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351 are <literal>example.org</literal> and <literal>www.example.org</literal>,
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352 it is more efficient to define them explicitly:
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353
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354 <programlisting>
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355 server {
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356 listen 80;
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357 server_name example.org www.example.org *.example.org;
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358 ...
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359 }
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360 </programlisting>
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361
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362 than to use the simplified form:
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363
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364 <programlisting>
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365 server {
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366 listen 80;
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367 server_name .example.org;
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368 ...
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369 }
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370 </programlisting>
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371 </para>
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372
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373 <para>
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374 If a large number of server names are defined,
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diff changeset
375 or unusually long server names are defined, tuning
271
4c6d2c614d2c Cleaned up XML tag mess:
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diff changeset
376 the <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_max_size"/>
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377 and <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_bucket_size"/>
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diff changeset
378 directives at the <i>http</i> level may become necessary.
271
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diff changeset
379 The default value of the
4c6d2c614d2c Cleaned up XML tag mess:
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380 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_bucket_size"/>
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381 may be equal to 32, or 64, or another value,
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diff changeset
382 depending on CPU cache line size.
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diff changeset
383 If the default value is 32 and server name is defined as
656dfb085020 Unified server names matching description with server_name directive, improved
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384 “<literal>too.long.server.name.example.org</literal>”
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385 then nginx will fail to start and display the error message:
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386
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387 <programlisting>
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388 could not build the server_names_hash,
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389 you should increase server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32
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390 </programlisting>
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391
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diff changeset
392 In this case, the directive value should be increased to the next power of two:
0
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393
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394 <programlisting>
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395 http {
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396 server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
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397 ...
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398 </programlisting>
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399
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diff changeset
400 If a large number of server names are defined,
656dfb085020 Unified server names matching description with server_name directive, improved
Vladimir Homutov <vl@nginx.com>
parents: 618
diff changeset
401 another error message will appear:
0
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402
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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403 <programlisting>
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parents:
diff changeset
404 could not build the server_names_hash,
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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parents:
diff changeset
405 you should increase either server_names_hash_max_size: 512
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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406 or server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32
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407 </programlisting>
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408
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diff changeset
409 In such a case, first try to set
271
4c6d2c614d2c Cleaned up XML tag mess:
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diff changeset
410 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_max_size"/>
0
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411 to a number close to the number of server names.
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412 Only if this does not help,
621
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parents: 618
diff changeset
413 or if nginx’s start time is unacceptably long, try to increase
271
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diff changeset
414 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_names_hash_bucket_size"/>.
0
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415 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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416
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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417 <para>
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418 If a server is the only server for a listen port, then nginx will not test
621
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diff changeset
419 server names at all (and will not build the hash tables for the listen port).
0
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420 However, there is one exception.
271
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diff changeset
421 If a
4c6d2c614d2c Cleaned up XML tag mess:
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diff changeset
422 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/>
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diff changeset
423 is a regular expression with captures,
0
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424 then nginx has to execute the expression to get the captures.
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425 </para>
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426
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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427 </section>
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diff changeset
428
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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429
121
49443032011c Unified <section> syntax for "article" and "module" documents.
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parents: 50
diff changeset
430 <section id="compatibility"
49443032011c Unified <section> syntax for "article" and "module" documents.
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431 name="Compatibility">
0
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432
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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433 <para>
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
434 <list type="bullet">
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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parents:
diff changeset
435
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
436 <listitem>
621
656dfb085020 Unified server names matching description with server_name directive, improved
Vladimir Homutov <vl@nginx.com>
parents: 618
diff changeset
437 A default server name value is an empty name “” since 0.8.48.
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
438 </listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
439
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
440 <listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
441 Named regular expression server name captures have been supported since 0.8.25.
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
442 </listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
443
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
444 <listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
445 Regular expression server name captures have been supported since 0.7.40.
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
446 </listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
447
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
448 <listitem>
621
656dfb085020 Unified server names matching description with server_name directive, improved
Vladimir Homutov <vl@nginx.com>
parents: 618
diff changeset
449 An empty server name “” has been supported since 0.7.12.
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
450 </listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
451
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
452 <listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
453 A wildcard server name or regular expression has been supported for use
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
454 as the first server name since 0.6.25.
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
455 </listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
456
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
457 <listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
458 Regular expression server names have been supported since 0.6.7.
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
459 </listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
460
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
461 <listitem>
593
130fad6dc1b4 Replaced the uses of "url" element with "literal".
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 589
diff changeset
462 Wildcard form <literal>example.*</literal> has been supported since 0.6.0.
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
463 </listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
464
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
465 <listitem>
593
130fad6dc1b4 Replaced the uses of "url" element with "literal".
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 589
diff changeset
466 The special form <literal>.example.org</literal> has been supported since 0.3.18.
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
467 </listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
468
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
469 <listitem>
593
130fad6dc1b4 Replaced the uses of "url" element with "literal".
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 589
diff changeset
470 Wildcard form <literal>*.example.org</literal> has been supported since 0.1.13.
461
6135f3c95bf6 Unified markup for lists.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents: 374
diff changeset
471 </listitem>
0
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
472
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
473 </list>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
474 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
475
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
476 </section>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
477
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
478 </article>