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annotate xml/en/docs/http/server_names.xml @ 50:9d544687d02c

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Fixed DOCTYPE declaration.
author Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
date Mon, 03 Oct 2011 10:47:56 +0000
parents 61e04fc01027
children 49443032011c
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
50
9d544687d02c Fixed DOCTYPE declaration.
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1 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd">
0
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2
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3 <article title="Server names"
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4 link="/en/docs/http/server_names.html"
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5 lang="en"
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6 author="Igor Sysoev"
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7 editor="Brian Mercer">
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8
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9
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10 <section>
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11
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12 <para>
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13 Server names are defined using the <dirname>server_name</dirname> directive
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14 and determine which server block is used for a given request.
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15 See also &ldquo;<a href="/en/docs/http/request_processing.xml" />&rdquo;.
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16 They may be defined using exact names, wildcard names, or regular expressions:
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17
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18 <programlisting>
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19 server {
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20 listen 80;
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21 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org;
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22 ...
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23 }
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24
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25 server {
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26 listen 80;
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27 server_name *.nginx.org;
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28 ...
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29 }
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30
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31 server {
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32 listen 80;
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33 server_name mail.*;
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34 ...
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35 }
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36
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37 server {
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38 listen 80;
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39 server_name ~^(?&lt;user&gt;.+)\.nginx\.net$;
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40 ...
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41 }
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42 </programlisting>
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43
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44 The names are tested in the following order:
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45
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46 <orderedlist>
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47
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48 <item>
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49 exact names;
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50 </item>
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51
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52 <item>
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53 wildcard names starting with an asterisk: <url>*.nginx.org</url>;
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54 </item>
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55
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56 <item>
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57 wildcard names ending with an asterisk: <url>mail.*</url>;
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58 </item>
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59
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60 <item>
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61 and regular expressions in the order listed in the configuration file.
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62 </item>
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63
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64 </orderedlist>
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65 The first match stops the search.
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66 </para>
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67
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68 </section>
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69
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70
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71 <section name="wildcard_names"
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72 title="Wildcard names">
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73
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74 <para>
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75 A wildcard name may contain an asterisk only on the name's start or end,
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76 and only on a dot border. The names <dirname>www.*.nginx.org</dirname>
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77 and <dirname>w*.nginx.org</dirname> are invalid.
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78 However, these names can be specified using regular expressions,
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79 for example, <dirname>~^www\..+\.nginx\.org$</dirname> and
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80 <dirname>~^w.*\.nginx\.org$</dirname>.
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81 An asterisk can match several name parts.
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82 The name <dirname>*.nginx.org</dirname> matches not only
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83 <url>www.nginx.org</url> but <url>www.sub.nginx.org</url> as well.
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84 </para>
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85
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86 <para>
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87 A special wildcard in the form <dirname>.nginx.org</dirname> can be used
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88 to match both the exact name <dirname>nginx.org</dirname>
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89 and the wildcard name <dirname>*.nginx.org</dirname>.
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90 </para>
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91
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92 </section>
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93
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94
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95 <section name="regex_names"
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96 title="Regular expressions names">
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97
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98 <para>
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99 The regular expressions used by nginx are compatible with those used
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100 by the Perl programming language (PCRE).
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101 To use a regular expression, the server name must start with the tilde
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102 character:
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103
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104 <programlisting>
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105 server_name ~^www\d+\.nginx\.net$;
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106 </programlisting>
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107
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108 otherwise it will be treated as an exact name, or if the expression contains
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109 an asterisk, as a wildcard name (and most likely as an invalid one).
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110 Do not forget to set &ldquo;^&rdquo; and &ldquo;$&rdquo; anchors.
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111 They are not required syntactically, but logically.
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112 Also note that domain name dots should be escaped with a backslash.
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113 A regular expression containing the characters &ldquo;{&rdquo;
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114 and &ldquo;}&rdquo; should be quoted:
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115
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116 <programlisting>
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117 server_name "~^(?&lt;name&gt;\w\d<b>{</b>1,3<b>}</b>+)\.nginx\.net$";
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118 </programlisting>
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119
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120 otherwise nginx will fail to start and display the error message:
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121
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122 <programlisting>
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123 directive "server_name" is not terminated by ";" in ...
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124 </programlisting>
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125
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126 A named regular expression capture can be used later as a variable:
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127
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128 <programlisting>
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129 server {
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130 server_name ~^(www\.)?(<b>?&lt;domain&gt;</b>.+)$;
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131
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132 location / {
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133 root /sites/<b>$domain</b>;
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134 }
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135 }
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136 </programlisting>
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137
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138 The PCRE library supports named captures using the following syntax:
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139
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140 <table note="yes">
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141
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142 <tr>
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143 <td><code>?&lt;<i>name</i>&gt;</code></td>
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144 <td>Perl 5.10 compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-7.0</td>
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145 </tr>
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146
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147 <tr>
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148 <td><code>?'<i>name</i>'</code></td>
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149 <td>Perl 5.10 compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-7.0</td>
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150 </tr>
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151
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152 <tr>
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153 <td><code>?P&lt;<i>name</i>&gt;</code></td>
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154 <td>Python compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-4.0</td>
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155 </tr>
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156
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157 </table>
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158
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159 If nginx fails to start and displays the error message:
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160
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161 <programlisting>
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162 pcre_compile() failed: unrecognized character after (?&lt; in ...
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163 </programlisting>
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164
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165 this means that the PCRE library is old
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166 and you should try the syntax <dirname>?P&lt;<i>name</i>&gt;</dirname>.
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167 The captures can also be used in digital form:
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168
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169 <programlisting>
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170 server {
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171 server_name ~^(www\.)?(.+)$;
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172
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173 location / {
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174 root /sites/<b>$2</b>;
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175 }
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176 }
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177 </programlisting>
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178
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179 However, such usage should be limited to simple cases (like the above),
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180 since the digital references can easily be overwritten.
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181 </para>
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182
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183
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184 </section>
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185
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186
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187 <section name="miscellaneous_names"
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188 title="Miscellaneous names">
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189
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190 <para>
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191 If you want to process requests without a &ldquo;Host&rdquo; header line
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192 in a server block which is not the default, you should specify an empty name:
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193
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194 <programlisting>
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195 server {
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196 listen 80;
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197 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org "";
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198 ...
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199 }
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200 </programlisting>
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201 </para>
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202
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203 <para>
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204 If no <dirname>server_name</dirname> is defined in a server block,
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205 then nginx uses the empty name as the server name.
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206 <note>
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207 nginx versions up to 0.8.48 used the <i>hostname</i> as the server name
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208 in this case.
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209 </note>
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210 </para>
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211
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212 <para>
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213 If someone makes a request using an IP address instead of a server name,
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214 the request&rsquo;s &ldquo;Host&rdquo; header line will contain the IP address
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215 and you can handle the request using the IP address as the server name:
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216
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217 <programlisting>
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218 server {
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219 listen 80;
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220 server_name nginx.org
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221 www.nginx.org
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222 ""
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223 <b>192.168.1.1</b>
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224 ;
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225 ...
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226 }
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227 </programlisting>
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228 </para>
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229
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230 <para>
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231 In catch-all server examples you may see the strange name &ldquo;_&rdquo;:
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232
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233 <programlisting>
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234 server {
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235 listen 80 default_server;
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236 server_name _;
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237 return 444;
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238 }
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239 </programlisting>
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240
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241 There is nothing special about this name, it is just one of a myriad
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242 of invalid domain names which never intersect with any real name.
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243 You may also use something like &ldquo;--&rdquo;, &ldquo;!@#&rdquo;, and so on.
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244 </para>
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245
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246 <para>
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247 nginx versions up to 0.6.25 supported the special name &ldquo;*&rdquo;
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248 which was erroneously interpreted to be a catch-all name.
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249 It never functioned as a catch-all or wildcard server name.
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250 Instead, it supplied the functionality that is now provided
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251 by the <dirname>server_name_in_redirect</dirname> directive.
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252 The special name &ldquo;*&rdquo; is now deprecated
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253 and the <dirname>server_name_in_redirect</dirname> directive should be used.
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254 Note that there is no way to specify the catch-all name or
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255 the <i>default</i> server using the <dirname>server_name</dirname> directive.
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256 This is a property of the <dirname>listen</dirname> directive
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257 and not of the <dirname>server_name</dirname> directive.
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258 See also &ldquo;<a href="/en/docs/http/request_processing.xml" />&rdquo;.
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259 You can define servers listening on ports *:80 and *:8080,
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260 and direct that one will be the default server for port *:8080,
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261 while the other will be the default for port *:80:
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262
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263 <programlisting>
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264 server {
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265 listen 80;
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266 listen 8080 default_server;
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267 server_name nginx.net;
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268 ...
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269 }
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270
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271 server {
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272 listen 80 default_server;
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273 listen 8080;
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274 server_name nginx.org;
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275 ...
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276 }
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277 </programlisting>
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278 </para>
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279
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280
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281 </section>
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282
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283
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284 <section name="optimization"
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285 title="Optimization">
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286
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287 <para>
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288 Exact names and wildcard names are stored in hashes.
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289 The hashes are bound to the listen ports and every listen port
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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290 may have up to three hashes: an exact names hash, a wildcard names hash
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291 starting with an asterisk, and a wildcard names hash ending with an asterisk.
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292 The sizes of the hashes are optimized at the configuration phase so that
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293 a name can be found with the fewest CPU cache misses.
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294 The exact names hash is searched first.
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295 If a name is not found using the exact name hash, then the wildcard names hash
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296 starting with an asterisk is searched.
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297 If the name is not found there, the wildcard names hash
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298 ending with an asterisk is searched.
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299 Searching wildcard names hashes is slower than searching exact name hash
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300 because names are searched by domain parts.
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301 Note that the special wildcard form <dirname>.nginx.org</dirname>
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302 is stored in a wildcard names hash and not in an exact names hash.
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303 Regular expressions are tested sequentially
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304 and therefore are the slowest method and are non-scalable.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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305 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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306
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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307 <para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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308 For these reasons, it is better to use exact names where possible.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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309 For example, if the most frequently requested names of a server
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310 are <url>nginx.org</url> and <url>www.nginx.org</url>,
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311 it is more efficient to define them explicitly:
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312
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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313 <programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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314 server {
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315 listen 80;
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316 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org *.nginx.org;
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317 ...
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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318 }
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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319 </programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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320
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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321 than to use the simplified form:
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322
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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323 <programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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324 server {
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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325 listen 80;
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326 server_name .nginx.org;
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327 ...
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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328 }
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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329 </programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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330 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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331
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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332 <para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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333 If you have defined a large number of server names,
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334 or defined unusually long server names, you may need to tune
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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335 the <dirname>server_names_hash_max_size</dirname>
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336 and <dirname>server_names_hash_bucket_size</dirname> directives
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337 at the <i>http</i> level.
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338 The default value of the <dirname>server_names_hash_bucket_size</dirname>
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339 may be equal to 32, or 64, or another value,
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340 depending on your CPU cache line size.
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341 If the default value is 32 and you define
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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342 &ldquo;too.long.server.name.nginx.org&rdquo; as a server name,
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343 then nginx will fail to start and display the error message:
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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344
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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345 <programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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346 could not build the server_names_hash,
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347 you should increase server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32
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348 </programlisting>
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349
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350 In this case, you should set the directive value to the next power of 2:
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351
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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352 <programlisting>
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353 http {
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354 server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
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355 ...
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356 </programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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357
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358 If you have defined a large number of server names,
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359 you will get another error message:
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360
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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361 <programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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362 could not build the server_names_hash,
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363 you should increase either server_names_hash_max_size: 512
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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364 or server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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365 </programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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366
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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367 You should first try to set <dirname>server_names_hash_max_size</dirname>
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368 to a number close to the number of server names.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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369 Only if this does not help,
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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370 or if nginx&rsquo;s start time is unacceptably long,
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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371 should you try to increase <dirname>server_names_hash_bucket_size</dirname>.
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372 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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373
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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374 <para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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375 If a server is the only server for a listen port, then nginx will not test
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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376 server names at all (and will not build the hashes for the listen port).
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377 However, there is one exception.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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378 If a <dirname>server_name</dirname> is a regular expression with captures,
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379 then nginx has to execute the expression to get the captures.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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380 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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381
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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382 </section>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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383
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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384
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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385 <section name="compatibility"
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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386 title="Compatibility">
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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387
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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388 <para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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389 <list>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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390
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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391 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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392 A default server name value is an empty name &ldquo;&rdquo; since 0.8.48.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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393 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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394
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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395 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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396 Named regular expression server name captures have been supported since 0.8.25.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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diff changeset
397 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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398
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
399 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
400 Regular expression server name captures have been supported since 0.7.40.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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diff changeset
401 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
402
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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403 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
404 An empty server name &ldquo;&rdquo; has been supported since 0.7.12.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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diff changeset
405 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
406
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
407 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
408 A wildcard server name or regular expression has been supported for use
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
409 as the first server name since 0.6.25.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
410 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
411
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
412 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
413 Regular expression server names have been supported since 0.6.7.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
414 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
415
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
416 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
417 Wildcard form <url>nginx.*</url> has been supported since 0.6.0.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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diff changeset
418 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
419
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
420 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
421 The special form <url>.nginx.org</url> has been supported since 0.3.18.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
422 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
423
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
424 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
425 Wildcard form <url>*.nginx.org</url> has been supported since 0.1.13.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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diff changeset
426 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
427
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
428 </list>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
429 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
430
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
431 </section>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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432
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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433 </article>