Mercurial > hg > nginx-site

annotate xml/cn/docs/http/request_processing.xml @ 2735:ff357b676c2e

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Removed trailing spaces.
author Maxim Dounin <mdounin@mdounin.ru>
date Thu, 10 Jun 2021 18:27:24 +0300
parents 9934338f83af
children
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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1 <!--
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2 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev
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3 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc.
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4 -->
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5
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6 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd">
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7
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8 <article name="Nginx如何处理一个请求"
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9 link="/cn/docs/http/request_processing.html"
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10 lang="cn"
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11 rev="1"
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12 translator="Jinglong &amp; cfsego"
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13 author="Igor Sysoev"
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14 editor="Brian Mercer">
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15
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16
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17 <section name="基于名字的虚拟主机">
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18
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19 <para>
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20 Nginx首先选定由哪一个<i>虚拟主机</i>来处理请求。让我们从一个简单的配置（其中全部3个虚拟主机都在端口*：80上监听）开始：
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21
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22 <programlisting>
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23 server {
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24 listen 80;
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25 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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26 ...
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27 }
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28
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29 server {
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30 listen 80;
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31 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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32 ...
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33 }
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34
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35 server {
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36 listen 80;
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37 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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38 ...
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39 }
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40 </programlisting>
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41 </para>
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42
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43 <para>
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44 在这个配置中，nginx仅仅检查请求的<header>Host</header>头以决定该请求应由哪个虚拟主机来处理。如果Host头没有匹配任意一个虚拟主机，或者请求中根本没有包含Host头，那nginx会将请求分发到定义在此端口上的默认虚拟主机。在以上配置中，第一个被列出的虚拟主机即nginx的默认虚拟主机——这是nginx的默认行为。而且，可以显式地设置某个主机为默认虚拟主机，即在"<literal>listen</literal>"指令中设置"<literal>default_server</literal>"参数：
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45
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46 <programlisting>
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47 server {
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48 listen 80 <b>default_server</b>;
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49 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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50 ...
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51 }
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52 </programlisting>
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53
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54 <note>
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55 "<literal>default_server</literal>"参数从0.8.21版开始可用。在之前的版本中，应该使用"<literal>default</literal>"参数代替。
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56 </note>
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57
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58 请注意"<literal>default_server</literal>"是监听端口的属性，而不是主机名的属性。后面会对此有更多介绍。
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59 </para>
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60
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61 </section>
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62
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63
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64 <section id="how_to_prevent_undefined_server_names"
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65 name="如何防止处理未定义主机名的请求">
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66
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67 <para>
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68 如果不允许请求中缺少<header>Host</header>头，可以定义如下主机，丢弃这些请求：
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69
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70 <programlisting>
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71 server {
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72 listen 80;
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73 server_name "";
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74 return 444;
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75 }
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76 </programlisting>
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77
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78 在这里，我们设置主机名为空字符串以匹配未定义<header>Host</header>头的请求，而且返回了一个nginx特有的，非http标准的返回码444，它可以用来关闭连接。
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79 <note>从0.8.48版本开始，这已成为主机名的默认设置，所以可以省略<literal>server_name ""</literal>。而之前的版本使用机器的<i>hostname</i>作为主机名的默认值。</note>
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80 </para>
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81
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82 </section>
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83
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84
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85 <section id="mixed_name_ip_based_servers"
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86 name="基于域名和IP混合的虚拟主机">
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87
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88 <para>
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89 下面让我们来看一个复杂点的配置，在这个配置里，有几个虚拟主机在不同的地址上监听：
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90
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91 <programlisting>
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92 server {
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93 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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94 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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95 ...
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96 }
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97
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98 server {
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99 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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100 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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101 ...
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102 }
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103
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104 server {
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105 listen 192.168.1.2:80;
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106 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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107 ...
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108 }
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109 </programlisting>
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110
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111 这个配置中，nginx首先测试请求的IP地址和端口是否匹配某个<link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>配置块中的<link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/>指令配置。接着nginx继续测试请求的Host头是否匹配这个<link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/>块中的某个<link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/>的值。如果主机名没有找到，nginx将把这个请求交给默认虚拟主机处理。例如，一个从192.168.1.1:80端口收到的访问<literal>www.example.com</literal>的请求将被监听192.168.1.1:80端口的默认虚拟主机处理，本例中就是第一个服务器，因为这个端口上没有定义名为<literal>www.example.com</literal>的虚拟主机。
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112 </para>
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113
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114 <para>
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115 默认服务器是监听端口的属性，所以不同的监听端口可以设置不同的默认服务器：
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116
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117 <programlisting>
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118 server {
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119 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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120 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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121 ...
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122 }
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123
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124 server {
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125 listen 192.168.1.1:80 <b>default_server</b>;
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126 server_name example.net www.example.net;
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127 ...
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128 }
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130 server {
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131 listen 192.168.1.2:80 <b>default_server</b>;
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132 server_name example.com www.example.com;
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133 ...
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134 }
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135 </programlisting>
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136 </para>
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137
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138 </section>
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139
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140
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141 <section id="simple_php_site_configuration"
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142 name="一个简单PHP站点配置">
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143
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144 <para>
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145 现在我们来看在一个典型的，简单的PHP站点中，nginx怎样为一个请求选择<i>location</i>来处理：
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146
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147 <programlisting>
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148 server {
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149 listen 80;
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150 server_name example.org www.example.org;
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151 root /data/www;
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152
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153 location / {
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154 index index.html index.php;
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155 }
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156
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157 location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
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158 expires 30d;
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159 }
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160
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161 location ~ \.php$ {
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162 fastcgi_pass localhost:9000;
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163 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME
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164 $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
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165 include fastcgi_params;
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166 }
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167 }
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168 </programlisting>
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169 </para>
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170
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171 <para>
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172 首先，nginx使用前缀匹配找出最准确的location，这一步nginx会忽略location在配置文件出现的顺序。上面的配置中，唯一的前缀匹配location是"<literal>/</literal>"，而且因为它可以匹配任意的请求，所以被作为最后一个选择。接着，nginx继续按照配置中的顺序依次匹配正则表达式的location，匹配到第一个正则表达式后停止搜索。匹配到的location将被使用。如果没有匹配到正则表达式的location，则使用刚刚找到的最准确的前缀匹配的location。
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173 </para>
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174
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175 <para>
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176 请注意所有location匹配测试只使用请求的URI部分，而不使用参数部分。这是因为写参数的方法很多，比如：
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177
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178 <programlisting>
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179 /index.php?user=john&amp;page=1
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180 /index.php?page=1&amp;user=john
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181 </programlisting>
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182
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183 除此以外，任何人在请求串中都可以随意添加字符串：
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184
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185 <programlisting>
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186 /index.php?page=1&amp;something+else&amp;user=john
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187 </programlisting>
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188 </para>
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189
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190 <para>
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191 现在让我们来看使用上面的配置，请求是怎样被处理的：
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192
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193 <list type="bullet" compact="no">
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194
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195 <listitem>
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196 请求"<literal>/logo.gif</literal>"首先匹配上location "<literal>/</literal>"，然后匹配上正则表达式"<literal>\.(gif|jpg|png)$</literal>"。因此，它将被后者处理。根据"<literal>root /data/www</literal>"指令，nginx将请求映射到文件<path>/data/www/logo.gif</path>"，并发送这个文件到客户端。
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197 </listitem>
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198
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199 <listitem>
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200 请求"<literal>/index.php</literal>"首先也匹配上location "<literal>/</literal>"，然后匹配上正则表达式"<literal>\.(php)$</literal>"。 因此，它将被后者处理，进而被发送到监听在localhost:9000的FastCGI服务器。<link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_param"/>指令将FastCGI的参数<literal>SCRIPT_FILENAME</literal>的值设置为"<literal>/data/www/index.php</literal>"，接着FastCGI服务器执行这个文件。变量<var>$document_root</var>等于<link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="root"/>指令设置的值，变量<var>$fastcgi_script_name</var>的值是请求的uri，"<literal>/index.php</literal>"。
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201 </listitem>
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202
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203 <listitem>
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204 请求"<literal>/about.html</literal>"仅能匹配上location "<literal>/</literal>"，因此，它将使用此location进行处理。根据"<literal>root /data/www</literal>"指令，nginx将请求映射到文件"<path>/data/www/about.html</path>"，并发送这个文件到客户端。
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205 </listitem>
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206
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207 <listitem>
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208 请求"<literal>/</literal>"的处理更为复杂。它仅能匹配上location "<literal>/</literal>"，因此，它将使用此location进行处理。然后，<link doc="ngx_http_index_module.xml" id="index"/>指令使用它的参数和"<literal>root /data/www</literal>"指令所组成的文件路径来检测对应的文件是否存在。如果文件<path>/data/www/index.html</path>不存在，而<path>/data/www/index.php</path>存在，此指令将执行一次内部重定向到"<literal>/index.php</literal>"，接着nginx将重新寻找匹配"<literal>/index.php</literal>"的location，就好像这次请求是从客户端发过来一样。正如我们之前看到的那样，这个重定向的请求最终交给FastCGI服务器来处理。
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209 </listitem>
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211 </list>
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212 </para>
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213
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214 </section>
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215
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216 </article>