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annotate xml/en/docs/http/request_processing.xml @ 73:6327603448e2

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Updated the "How to prevent processing requests with undefined server names" example to use the "server_name" directive with an empty string argument to match requests without the "Host:" request header line.
author Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
date Mon, 10 Oct 2011 09:36:40 +0000
parents 9d544687d02c
children e9948ec6286b
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
50
9d544687d02c Fixed DOCTYPE declaration.
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1 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd">
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2
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3 <article title="How nginx processes a request"
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4 link="/en/docs/http/request_processing.html"
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5 lang="en"
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6 author="Igor Sysoev"
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7 editor="Brian Mercer">
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8
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9
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10 <section title="Name-based virtual servers">
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11
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12 <para>
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13 nginx first decides which <i>server</i> should process the request.
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14 Let&rsquo;s start with a simple configuration
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15 where all three virtual servers listen on port *:80:
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16
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17 <programlisting>
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18 server {
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19 listen 80;
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20 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org;
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21 ...
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22 }
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23
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24 server {
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25 listen 80;
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26 server_name nginx.net www.nginx.net;
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27 ...
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28 }
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29
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30 server {
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31 listen 80;
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32 server_name nginx.com www.nginx.com;
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33 ...
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34 }
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35 </programlisting>
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36 </para>
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37
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38 <para>
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39 In this configuration nginx tests only the request&rsquo;s header line
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40 &ldquo;Host&rdquo; to determine which server the request should be routed to.
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41 If the &ldquo;Host&rdquo; header line does not match any server name,
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42 or the request does not contain this line at all,
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43 then nginx will route the request to the default server.
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44 In the configuration above, the default server is the first
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45 one&mdash;which is nginx&rsquo;s standard default behaviour.
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46 If you do not want the first server listed to be the default server,
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47 you may set it explicitly with the <dirname>default_server</dirname> parameter
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48 in the <dirname>listen</dirname> directive:
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49
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50 <programlisting>
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51 server {
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52 listen 80 <b>default_server</b>;
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53 server_name nginx.net www.nginx.net;
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54 ...
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55 }
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56 </programlisting>
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57
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58 <note>
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59 The <dirname>default_server</dirname> parameter has been available since
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60 version 0.8.21.
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61 In earlier versions the <dirname>default</dirname> parameter should be used
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62 instead.
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63 </note>
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64
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65 Note that the default server is a property of the listen port
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66 and not of the server name. More about this later.
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67 </para>
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68
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69 </section>
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70
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71
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72 <section name="how_to_prevent_undefined_server_names"
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73 title="How to prevent processing requests with undefined server names">
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74
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75 <para>
73
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76 If you do not want to process requests without the <header>Host</header>
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77 header line, you may define a server that just drops the requests:
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78
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79 <programlisting>
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80 server {
73
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81 listen 80;
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82 server_name "";
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83 return 444;
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84 }
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85 </programlisting>
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86
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87 Here, the server name is set to an empty string which will match
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88 requests without the <header>Host</header> header line,
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89 and a special nginx’s non-standard code 444
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90 is returned that closes the connection.
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91 Since version 0.8.48, this is the default setting for the
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92 server name, so the <code>server_name ""</code> can be omitted.
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93 In earlier versions, the machine's <i>hostname</i> was used as
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94 a default server name.
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95
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96 <note>
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97 Versions prior to 0.7.11 did not support an empty server name,
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98 so another configuration was needed to achieve the same effect:
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99
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100 <programlisting>
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101 server {
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102 listen 80 default;
0
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103 server_name _;
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104 return 444;
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105 }
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106 </programlisting>
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107
73
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108 A non-existent domain name “_” is used as the server name, the server
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109 should be the first or marked as <code>default</code>.
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110 Note that the server name must be set explicitly here, otherwise nginx
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111 will use the <i>hostname</i>.
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112 </note>
0
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113 </para>
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114
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115 </section>
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116
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117
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118 <section name="mixed_name_ip_based_servers"
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119 title="Mixed name-based and IP-based virtual servers">
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120
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121 <para>
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122 Let&rsquo;s look at a more complex configuration
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123 where some virtual servers listen on different addresses:
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124
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125 <programlisting>
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126 server {
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127 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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128 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org;
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129 ...
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130 }
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131
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132 server {
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133 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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134 server_name nginx.net www.nginx.net;
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135 ...
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136 }
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137
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138 server {
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139 listen 192.168.1.2:80;
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140 server_name nginx.com www.nginx.com;
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141 ...
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142 }
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143 </programlisting>
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144
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145 In this configuration, nginx first tests the IP address and port
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146 of the request against the <dirname>listen</dirname> directives
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147 of the <dirname>server</dirname> blocks. It then tests the &ldquo;Host&rdquo;
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148 header line of the request against the <dirname>server_name</dirname>
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149 entries of the <dirname>server</dirname> blocks that matched
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150 the IP address and port.
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151
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152 If the server name is not found, the request will be processed by
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153 the default server.
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154 For example, a request for <url>www.nginx.com</url> received on
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155 the 192.168.1.1:80 port will be handled by the default server
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156 of the 192.168.1.1:80 port, i.e., by the first server,
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157 since there is no <url>www.nginx.com</url> defined for this port.
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158 </para>
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159
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160 <para>
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161 As already stated, a default server is a property of the listen port
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162 and different default servers may be defined for different listen ports:
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163
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164 <programlisting>
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165 server {
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166 listen 192.168.1.1:80;
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167 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org;
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Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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168 ...
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169 }
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170
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171 server {
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172 listen 192.168.1.1:80 default_server;
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173 server_name nginx.net www.nginx.net;
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Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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174 ...
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175 }
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176
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177 server {
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178 listen 192.168.1.2:80 default_server;
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179 server_name nginx.com www.nginx.com;
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180 ...
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181 }
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182 </programlisting>
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183 </para>
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184
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185 </section>
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186
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187
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188 <section name="simple_php_site_configuration"
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189 title="A simple PHP site configuration">
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190
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191 <para>
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192 Now let&rsquo;s look at how nginx chooses a <i>location</i> to process a request
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193 for a typical, simple PHP site:
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194
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195 <programlisting>
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196 server {
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197 listen 80;
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198 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org;
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199 root /data/www;
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200
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201 location / {
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202 index index.html index.php;
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203 }
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204
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205 location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
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206 expires 30d;
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207 }
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208
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209 location ~ \.php$ {
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210 fastcgi_pass localhost:9000;
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211 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME
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212 $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
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213 include fastcgi_params;
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214 }
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215 }
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216 </programlisting>
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217 </para>
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218
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219 <para>
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220 nginx first searches for the most specific location given by literal strings
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221 regardless of the listed order. In the configuration above
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222 the only literal location is <path>/</path> and since it matches
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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223 any request it will be used as a last resort.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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224 Then nginx checks locations given by
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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225 regular expression in the order listed in the configuration file.
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226 The first matching expression stops the search and nginx will use this
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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227 location. If no regular expression matches a request, then nginx uses
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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228 the most specific literal location found earlier.
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229 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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230
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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231 <para>
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232 Note that locations of all types test only a request URI part without a query
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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233 string. This is done because arguments in the query string may be given in
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
234 several ways, for example:
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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235
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236 <programlisting>
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237 /index.php?user=john&amp;page=1
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238 /index.php?page=1&amp;user=john
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239 </programlisting>
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240
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241 Besides, anyone may request anything in the query string:
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242
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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243 <programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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244 /index.php?page=1&amp;something+else&amp;user=john
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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245 </programlisting>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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246 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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247
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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248 <para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
249 Now let&rsquo;s look at how requests would be processed
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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250 in the configuration above:
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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251
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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252 <list>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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253
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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254 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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255 <para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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256 A request <path>/logo.gif</path> is matched by the literal location
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
257 <dirname>/</dirname> first and then by the regular expression
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
258 <dirname>\.(gif|jpg|png)$</dirname>,
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
259 therefore, it is handled by the latter location.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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260 Using the directive <dirname>root&nbsp;/data/www</dirname> the request
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
diff changeset
261 is mapped to a file <path>/data/www/logo.gif</path>, and the file
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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diff changeset
262 is sent to the client.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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263 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
264 </item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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265
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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266 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
267 <para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
268 A request <path>/index.php</path> is also matched by the literal location
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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diff changeset
269 <dirname>/</dirname> first and then by the regular expression
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
270 <dirname>\.(php)$</dirname>. Therefore, it is handled by the latter location
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
271 and the request is passed to a FastCGI server listening on localhost:9000.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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272 The <dirname>fastcgi_param</dirname> directive sets the FastCGI parameter
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diff changeset
273 SCRIPT_FILENAME to <path>/data/www/index.php</path>,
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Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
274 and the FastCGI server executes the file.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
275 The variable $document_root is equal to
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
276 the value of the <dirname>root</dirname> directive and
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
277 the variable $fastcgi_script_name is equal to the request URI,
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
278 i.e. <path>/index.php</path>.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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279 </para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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280 </item>
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281
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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282 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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283 <para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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284 A request <path>/about.html</path> is matched by the literal location
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
285 <dirname>/</dirname> only, therefore, it is handled in this location.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
286 Using the directive <dirname>root /data/www</dirname> the request is mapped
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diff changeset
287 to the file <path>/data/www/about.html</path>, and the file is sent
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
288 to the client.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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diff changeset
289 </para>
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290 </item>
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291
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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292 <item>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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293 <para>
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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294 Handling a request <path>/</path> is more complex.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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diff changeset
295 It is matched by the literal location <dirname>/</dirname> only,
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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diff changeset
296 therefore, it is handled by this location.
61e04fc01027 Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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297 Then the <dirname>index</dirname> directive tests for the existence
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298 of an index file according to its parameters and
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299 the <dirname>root&nbsp;/data/www</dirname> directive.
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300 If a file <path>/data/www/index.php</path> exists,
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301 then the directive does an internal redirect to <path>/index.php</path>, and
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302 nginx searches the locations again as if the request had been sent by a client.
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303 As we saw before, the redirected request will eventually be handled
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304 by the FastCGI server.
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305 </para>
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306 </item>
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307
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308 </list>
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309 </para>
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310
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311 </section>
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312
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313 </article>