Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/request_processing.xml @ 1393:15e8779f0ceb
Documented the $upstream_header_time variable.
author | Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com> |
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date | Mon, 19 Jan 2015 15:24:15 +0300 |
parents | 130fad6dc1b4 |
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1 <!-- |
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2 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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3 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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4 --> |
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5 |
50 | 6 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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7 |
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8 <article name="How nginx processes a request" |
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9 link="/en/docs/http/request_processing.html" |
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10 lang="en" |
589 | 11 rev="1" |
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12 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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13 editor="Brian Mercer"> |
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14 |
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15 <section name="Name-based virtual servers"> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
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18 nginx first decides which <i>server</i> should process the request. |
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19 Let’s start with a simple configuration |
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20 where all three virtual servers listen on port *:80: |
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21 <programlisting> |
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22 server { |
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23 listen 80; |
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24 server_name example.org www.example.org; |
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25 ... |
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26 } |
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27 |
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28 server { |
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29 listen 80; |
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30 server_name example.net www.example.net; |
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31 ... |
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32 } |
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33 |
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34 server { |
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35 listen 80; |
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36 server_name example.com www.example.com; |
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37 ... |
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38 } |
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39 </programlisting> |
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40 |
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41 </para> |
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42 |
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43 <para> |
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44 In this configuration nginx tests only the request’s header field |
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45 <header>Host</header> to determine which server the request should be routed to. |
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46 If its value does not match any server name, |
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47 or the request does not contain this header field at all, |
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48 then nginx will route the request to the default server for this port. |
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49 In the configuration above, the default server is the first |
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50 one—which is nginx’s standard default behaviour. |
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51 It can also be set explicitly which server should be default, |
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52 with the <literal>default_server</literal> parameter |
271 | 53 in the <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> directive: |
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54 <programlisting> |
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55 server { |
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56 listen 80 <b>default_server</b>; |
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57 server_name example.net www.example.net; |
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58 ... |
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59 } |
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60 </programlisting> |
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61 |
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62 <note> |
271 | 63 The <literal>default_server</literal> parameter has been available since |
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64 version 0.8.21. |
271 | 65 In earlier versions the <literal>default</literal> parameter should be used |
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66 instead. |
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67 </note> |
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68 Note that the default server is a property of the listen port |
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69 and not of the server name. |
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70 More about this later. |
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71 </para> |
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72 |
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73 </section> |
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74 |
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75 |
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76 <section id="how_to_prevent_undefined_server_names" |
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77 name="How to prevent processing requests with undefined server names"> |
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78 |
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79 <para> |
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80 If requests without the <header>Host</header> header field should not be |
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81 allowed, a server that just drops the requests can be defined: |
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82 <programlisting> |
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83 server { |
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84 listen 80; |
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85 server_name ""; |
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86 return 444; |
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87 } |
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88 </programlisting> |
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89 Here, the server name is set to an empty string that will match |
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90 requests without the <header>Host</header> header field, |
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91 and a special nginx’s non-standard code 444 |
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92 is returned that closes the connection. |
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93 <note> |
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94 Since version 0.8.48, this is the default setting for the |
271 | 95 server name, so the <literal>server_name ""</literal> can be omitted. |
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96 In earlier versions, the machine’s <i>hostname</i> was used as |
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97 a default server name. |
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98 </note> |
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99 </para> |
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100 |
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101 </section> |
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102 |
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103 |
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104 <section id="mixed_name_ip_based_servers" |
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105 name="Mixed name-based and IP-based virtual servers"> |
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106 |
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107 <para> |
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108 Let’s look at a more complex configuration |
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109 where some virtual servers listen on different addresses: |
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110 <programlisting> |
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111 server { |
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112 listen 192.168.1.1:80; |
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113 server_name example.org www.example.org; |
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114 ... |
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115 } |
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116 |
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117 server { |
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118 listen 192.168.1.1:80; |
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119 server_name example.net www.example.net; |
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120 ... |
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121 } |
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122 |
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123 server { |
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124 listen 192.168.1.2:80; |
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125 server_name example.com www.example.com; |
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126 ... |
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127 } |
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128 </programlisting> |
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129 In this configuration, nginx first tests the IP address and port |
271 | 130 of the request against the |
131 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> directives | |
132 of the | |
133 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/> blocks. | |
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134 It then tests the <header>Host</header> |
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135 header field of the request against the |
271 | 136 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server_name"/> |
137 entries of the | |
138 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/> | |
139 blocks that matched | |
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140 the IP address and port. |
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141 If the server name is not found, the request will be processed by |
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142 the default server. |
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143 For example, a request for <literal>www.example.com</literal> received on |
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144 the 192.168.1.1:80 port will be handled by the default server |
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145 of the 192.168.1.1:80 port, i.e., by the first server, |
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146 since there is no <literal>www.example.com</literal> defined for this port. |
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147 </para> |
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148 |
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149 <para> |
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150 As already stated, a default server is a property of the listen port, |
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151 and different default servers may be defined for different ports: |
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152 <programlisting> |
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153 server { |
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154 listen 192.168.1.1:80; |
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155 server_name example.org www.example.org; |
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156 ... |
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157 } |
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158 |
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159 server { |
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160 listen 192.168.1.1:80 <b>default_server</b>; |
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161 server_name example.net www.example.net; |
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162 ... |
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163 } |
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164 |
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165 server { |
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166 listen 192.168.1.2:80 <b>default_server</b>; |
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167 server_name example.com www.example.com; |
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168 ... |
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169 } |
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170 </programlisting> |
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171 |
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172 </para> |
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173 |
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174 </section> |
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175 |
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176 |
121
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177 <section id="simple_php_site_configuration" |
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178 name="A simple PHP site configuration"> |
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179 |
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180 <para> |
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181 Now let’s look at how nginx chooses a <i>location</i> to process a request |
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182 for a typical, simple PHP site: |
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183 <programlisting> |
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184 server { |
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185 listen 80; |
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186 server_name example.org www.example.org; |
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187 root /data/www; |
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188 |
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189 location / { |
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190 index index.html index.php; |
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191 } |
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192 |
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193 location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png)$ { |
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194 expires 30d; |
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195 } |
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196 |
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197 location ~ \.php$ { |
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198 fastcgi_pass localhost:9000; |
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199 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME |
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200 $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; |
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201 include fastcgi_params; |
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202 } |
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203 } |
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204 </programlisting> |
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205 |
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206 </para> |
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207 |
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208 <para> |
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209 nginx first searches for the most specific prefix location given by |
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210 literal strings regardless of the listed order. |
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211 In the configuration above |
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212 the only prefix location is “<literal>/</literal>” and since it matches |
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213 any request it will be used as a last resort. |
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214 Then nginx checks locations given by |
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215 regular expression in the order listed in the configuration file. |
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216 The first matching expression stops the search and nginx will use this |
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217 location. |
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218 If no regular expression matches a request, then nginx uses |
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219 the most specific prefix location found earlier. |
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220 </para> |
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221 |
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222 <para> |
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223 Note that locations of all types test only a URI part of request line |
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224 without arguments. |
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225 This is done because arguments in the query string may be given in |
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226 several ways, for example: |
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227 <programlisting> |
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228 /index.php?user=john&page=1 |
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229 /index.php?page=1&user=john |
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230 </programlisting> |
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231 Besides, anyone may request anything in the query string: |
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232 <programlisting> |
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233 /index.php?page=1&something+else&user=john |
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234 </programlisting> |
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235 |
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236 </para> |
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237 |
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238 <para> |
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239 Now let’s look at how requests would be processed |
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240 in the configuration above: |
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241 <list type="bullet" compact="no"> |
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242 |
461 | 243 <listitem> |
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244 A request “<literal>/logo.gif</literal>” is matched by the prefix location |
271 | 245 “<literal>/</literal>” first and then by the regular expression |
246 “<literal>\.(gif|jpg|png)$</literal>”, | |
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247 therefore, it is handled by the latter location. |
271 | 248 Using the directive “<literal>root /data/www</literal>” the request |
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249 is mapped to the file <path>/data/www/logo.gif</path>, and the file |
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250 is sent to the client. |
461 | 251 </listitem> |
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252 |
461 | 253 <listitem> |
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254 A request “<literal>/index.php</literal>” is also matched by the prefix location |
271 | 255 “<literal>/</literal>” first and then by the regular expression |
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256 “<literal>\.(php)$</literal>”. |
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257 Therefore, it is handled by the latter location |
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258 and the request is passed to a FastCGI server listening on localhost:9000. |
271 | 259 The |
260 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_param"/> | |
261 directive sets the FastCGI parameter | |
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262 <literal>SCRIPT_FILENAME</literal> to “<literal>/data/www/index.php</literal>”, |
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263 and the FastCGI server executes the file. |
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264 The variable <var>$document_root</var> is equal to |
271 | 265 the value of the |
266 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="root"/> | |
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267 directive and the variable <var>$fastcgi_script_name</var> is equal to |
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268 the request URI, i.e. “<literal>/index.php</literal>”. |
461 | 269 </listitem> |
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270 |
461 | 271 <listitem> |
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272 A request “<literal>/about.html</literal>” is matched by the prefix location |
271 | 273 “<literal>/</literal>” only, therefore, it is handled in this location. |
274 Using the directive “<literal>root /data/www</literal>” the request is mapped | |
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275 to the file <path>/data/www/about.html</path>, and the file is sent |
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276 to the client. |
461 | 277 </listitem> |
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278 |
461 | 279 <listitem> |
271 | 280 Handling a request “<literal>/</literal>” is more complex. |
521
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281 It is matched by the prefix location “<literal>/</literal>” only, |
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282 therefore, it is handled by this location. |
271 | 283 Then the |
284 <link doc="ngx_http_index_module.xml" id="index"/> | |
285 directive tests for the existence | |
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286 of index files according to its parameters and |
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287 the “<literal>root /data/www</literal>” directive. |
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288 If the file <path>/data/www/index.html</path> does not exist, |
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289 and the file <path>/data/www/index.php</path> exists, |
271 | 290 then the directive does an internal redirect to “<literal>/index.php</literal>”, |
291 and nginx searches the locations again | |
292 as if the request had been sent by a client. | |
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293 As we saw before, the redirected request will eventually be handled |
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294 by the FastCGI server. |
461 | 295 </listitem> |
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296 |
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297 </list> |
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298 |
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299 </para> |
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300 |
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301 </section> |
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302 |
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303 </article> |