Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.xml @ 606:cb43695220b2
o Move introduction/ and howto/ are rather small so move those
sections into docs/.
o Rename "nginx: faq" article and its lang-specific variations
to "FAQ".
author | Maxim Konovalov <maxim@nginx.com> |
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date | Tue, 24 Jul 2012 10:18:38 +0000 |
parents | 764fbac1b8b4 |
children | 841118e33f41 |
rev | line source |
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1 <?xml version="1.0"?> |
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2 |
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3 <!-- |
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4 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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5 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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6 --> |
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7 |
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8 <!DOCTYPE module SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/module.dtd"> |
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9 |
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10 <module name="Module ngx_http_upstream_module" |
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11 link="/en/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html" |
589 | 12 lang="en" |
13 rev="1"> | |
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14 |
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15 <section id="summary"> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
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18 The <literal>ngx_http_upstream_module</literal> module |
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19 allows to define groups of servers that can be referenced |
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20 from the <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_pass"/>, |
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21 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_pass"/>, and |
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22 <link doc="ngx_http_memcached_module.xml" id="memcached_pass"/> directives. |
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23 </para> |
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24 |
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25 </section> |
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26 |
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27 |
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28 <section id="example" name="Example Configuration"> |
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29 |
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30 <para> |
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31 <example> |
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32 upstream <emphasis>backend</emphasis> { |
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33 server backend1.example.com weight=5; |
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34 server backend2.example.com:8080; |
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35 server unix:/tmp/backend3; |
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36 |
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37 server backup1.example.com:8080 backup; |
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38 server backup2.example.com:8080 backup; |
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39 } |
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40 |
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41 server { |
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42 location / { |
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43 proxy_pass http://<emphasis>backend</emphasis>; |
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44 } |
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45 } |
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46 </example> |
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47 </para> |
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48 |
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49 </section> |
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50 |
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51 |
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52 <section id="directives" name="Directives"> |
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53 |
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54 <directive name="upstream"> |
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55 <syntax block="yes"><value>name</value></syntax> |
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56 <default/> |
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57 <context>http</context> |
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58 |
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59 <para> |
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60 Defines a group of servers. |
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61 Servers can listen on different ports. |
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62 In addition, servers listening on TCP and UNIX-domain sockets |
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63 can be mixed. |
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64 </para> |
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65 |
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66 <para> |
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67 Example: |
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68 <example> |
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69 upstream backend { |
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70 server backend1.example.com weight=5; |
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71 server 127.0.0.1:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s; |
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72 server unix:/tmp/backend3; |
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73 } |
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74 </example> |
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75 </para> |
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76 |
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77 <para> |
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78 By default, requests are distributed between servers using a |
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79 weighted round-robin balancing method. |
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80 In the above example, each 7 requests will be distributed as follows: |
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81 5 requests to <literal>backend1.example.com</literal> |
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82 and one request to each of second and third servers. |
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83 If an error occurs when communicating with the server, a request will |
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84 be passed to the next server, and so on until all of the functioning |
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85 servers will be tried. |
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86 If a successful response could not be obtained from any of the servers, |
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87 the client will be returned the result of contacting the last server. |
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88 </para> |
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89 |
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90 </directive> |
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91 |
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92 |
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93 <directive name="server"> |
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94 <syntax><value>address</value> [<value>parameters</value>]</syntax> |
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95 <default/> |
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96 <context>upstream</context> |
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97 |
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98 <para> |
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99 Defines an <value>address</value> and other <value>parameters</value> |
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100 of the server. |
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101 An address can be specified as a domain name or IP address, |
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102 and an optional port, or as a UNIX-domain socket path |
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103 specified after the “<literal>unix:</literal>” prefix. |
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104 If port is not specified, the port 80 is used. |
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105 A domain name that resolves to several IP addresses essentially defines |
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106 multiple servers. |
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107 </para> |
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108 |
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109 <para> |
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110 The following parameters can be defined: |
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111 <list type="tag"> |
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112 |
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113 <tag-name><literal>weight</literal>=<value>number</value></tag-name> |
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114 <tag-desc> |
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115 sets a weight of the server, by default 1. |
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116 </tag-desc> |
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117 |
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118 <tag-name><literal>max_fails</literal>=<value>number</value></tag-name> |
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119 <tag-desc> |
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120 sets a number of unsuccessful attempts to communicate with the server |
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121 during a time set by the <literal>fail_timeout</literal> parameter |
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122 after which it will be considered down for a period of time also set |
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123 by the <literal>fail_timeout</literal> parameter. |
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124 By default, the number of unsuccessful attempts is set to 1. |
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125 A value of zero disables accounting of attempts. |
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126 What is considered to be an unsuccessful attempt is configured by the |
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127 <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_next_upstream"/>, |
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128 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_next_upstream"/>, and |
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129 <link doc="ngx_http_memcached_module.xml" id="memcached_next_upstream"/> |
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130 directives. |
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131 The <literal>http_404</literal> state is not considered |
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132 an unsuccessful attempt. |
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133 </tag-desc> |
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134 |
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135 <tag-name><literal>fail_timeout</literal>=<value>time</value></tag-name> |
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136 <tag-desc> |
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137 sets |
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138 <list type="bullet"> |
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139 |
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140 <listitem> |
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141 a time during which the specified number of unsuccessful attempts to |
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142 communicate with the server should happen for the server to be |
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143 considered down; |
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144 </listitem> |
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145 |
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146 <listitem> |
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147 and a period of time the server will be considered down. |
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148 </listitem> |
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149 |
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150 </list> |
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151 By default, timeout is set to 10 seconds. |
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152 </tag-desc> |
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153 |
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154 <tag-name><literal>backup</literal></tag-name> |
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155 <tag-desc> |
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156 marks the server as a backup server. |
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157 It will be passed requests when the primary servers are down. |
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158 </tag-desc> |
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159 |
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160 <tag-name><literal>down</literal></tag-name> |
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161 <tag-desc> |
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162 marks the server as permanently down; used along with |
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163 the <link id="ip_hash"/> directive. |
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164 </tag-desc> |
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165 |
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166 </list> |
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167 </para> |
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168 |
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169 <para> |
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170 Example: |
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171 <example> |
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172 upstream backend { |
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173 server backend1.example.com weight=5; |
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174 server 127.0.0.1:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s; |
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175 server unix:/tmp/backend3; |
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176 |
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177 server backup1.example.com:8080 backup; |
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178 } |
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179 </example> |
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180 </para> |
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181 |
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182 </directive> |
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183 |
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184 |
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185 <directive name="ip_hash"> |
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186 <syntax/> |
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187 <default/> |
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188 <context>upstream</context> |
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189 |
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190 <para> |
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191 Specifies that a group should use a load balancing method where requests |
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192 are distributed between servers based on client IP addresses. |
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193 The first three octets of the client IPv4 address, or the entire IPv6 address, |
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194 are used as a hashing key. |
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195 The method ensures that requests of the same client will always be |
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196 passed to the same server except when this server is considered down |
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197 in which case client requests will be passed to another server and |
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198 most probably it will also be the same server. |
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199 <note> |
566 | 200 IPv6 addresses are supported starting from versions 1.3.2 and 1.2.2. |
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201 </note> |
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202 </para> |
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203 |
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204 <para> |
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205 If one of the servers needs to be temporarily removed, it should |
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206 be marked with the <literal>down</literal> parameter in |
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207 order to preserve the current hashing of client IP addresses. |
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208 </para> |
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209 |
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210 <para> |
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211 Example: |
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212 <example> |
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213 upstream backend { |
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214 ip_hash; |
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215 |
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216 server backend1.example.com; |
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217 server backend2.example.com; |
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218 server backend3.example.com <emphasis>down</emphasis>; |
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219 server backend4.example.com; |
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220 } |
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221 </example> |
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222 </para> |
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223 |
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224 <para> |
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225 <note> |
566 | 226 Until versions 1.3.1 and 1.2.2 it was not possible to specify a weight for |
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227 servers using the <literal>ip_hash</literal> load balancing method. |
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228 </note> |
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229 </para> |
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230 |
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231 </directive> |
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232 |
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233 |
316
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234 <directive name="keepalive"> |
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235 <syntax><value>connections</value></syntax> |
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236 <default/> |
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237 <context>upstream</context> |
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238 <appeared-in>1.1.4</appeared-in> |
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239 |
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240 <para> |
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241 Activates cache of connections to upstream servers. |
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242 </para> |
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243 |
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244 <para> |
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245 The <value>connections</value> parameter sets the maximum number of |
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246 keepalive connections to upstream servers that are retained in |
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247 the cache per one worker process. |
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248 If there are more idle connections to retain to an upstream than |
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249 are specified by this number, the least recently used ones will |
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250 be closed. |
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251 <note> |
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252 It should be noted that <literal>keepalive</literal> directive |
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253 does not limit the total number of connections that nginx worker |
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254 process can open to upstream servers. |
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255 The new connections are always created on demand. |
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256 The <value>connections</value> parameter should be set low enough |
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257 to allow upstream servers to process additional new incoming |
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258 connections as well. |
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259 </note> |
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260 </para> |
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261 |
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262 <para> |
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263 Example configuration of memcached upstream with keepalive connections: |
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264 <example> |
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265 upstream memcached_backend { |
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266 server 127.0.0.1:11211; |
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267 server 10.0.0.2:11211; |
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268 |
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269 keepalive 32; |
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270 } |
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271 |
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272 server { |
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273 ... |
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274 |
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275 location /memcached/ { |
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276 set $memcached_key $uri; |
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277 memcached_pass memcached_backend; |
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278 } |
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279 |
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280 } |
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281 </example> |
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282 </para> |
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283 |
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284 <para> |
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285 For HTTP, the <link doc="ngx_http_proxy_module.xml" id="proxy_http_version"/> |
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286 directive should be set to “<literal>1.1</literal>” |
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287 and the <header>Connection</header> header field should be cleared: |
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288 <example> |
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289 upstream http_backend { |
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290 server 127.0.0.1:8080; |
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291 |
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292 keepalive 16; |
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293 } |
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294 |
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295 server { |
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296 ... |
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297 |
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298 location /http/ { |
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299 proxy_pass http://http_backend; |
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300 proxy_http_version 1.1; |
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301 proxy_set_header Connection ""; |
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302 ... |
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303 } |
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304 } |
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305 </example> |
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306 </para> |
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307 |
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308 <para> |
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309 <note> |
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310 Alternatively, HTTP/1.0 persistent connections can be used by passing the |
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311 <header>Connection: Keep-Alive</header> header field to an upstream server, |
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312 though this is not recommended. |
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313 </note> |
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314 </para> |
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315 |
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316 <para> |
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317 For FastCGI servers, it is required to set |
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318 <link doc="ngx_http_fastcgi_module.xml" id="fastcgi_keep_conn"/> |
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319 for keepalive connections to work: |
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320 <example> |
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321 upstream fastcgi_backend { |
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322 server 127.0.0.1:9000; |
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323 |
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324 keepalive 8; |
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325 } |
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326 |
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327 server { |
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328 ... |
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329 |
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330 location /fastcgi/ { |
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331 fastcgi_pass fastcgi_backend; |
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332 fastcgi_keep_conn on; |
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333 ... |
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334 } |
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335 } |
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336 </example> |
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337 </para> |
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338 |
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339 <para> |
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340 <note> |
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341 When using load balancer methods other than the default |
316
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342 round-robin, it is necessary to activate them before |
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343 the <literal>keepalive</literal> directive. |
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344 </note> |
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345 |
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346 <note> |
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347 SCGI and uwsgi protocols do not have a notion of keepalive connections. |
316
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348 </note> |
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349 </para> |
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350 |
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351 </directive> |
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352 |
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353 |
526
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354 <directive name="least_conn"> |
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355 <syntax/> |
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356 <default/> |
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357 <context>upstream</context> |
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358 <appeared-in>1.3.1</appeared-in> |
566 | 359 <appeared-in>1.2.2</appeared-in> |
526
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360 |
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361 <para> |
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362 Specifies that a group should use a load balancing method where a request |
526
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363 is passed to the server with the least number of active connections, |
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364 taking into account weights of servers. |
533
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365 If there are several such servers, they are tried using a |
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366 weighted round-robin balancing method. |
293
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367 </para> |
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368 |
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369 </directive> |
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370 |
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371 </section> |
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372 |
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373 |
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374 <section id="variables" name="Embedded Variables"> |
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375 |
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376 <para> |
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377 The <literal>ngx_http_upstream_module</literal> module |
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378 supports the following embedded variables: |
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379 <list type="tag"> |
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380 |
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381 <tag-name><var>$upstream_addr</var></tag-name> |
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382 <tag-desc> |
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383 keeps an IP address and port of the server, |
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384 or a path to the UNIX-domain socket. |
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385 If several servers were contacted during request processing, |
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386 their addresses are separated by commas, e.g. |
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387 “<literal>192.168.1.1:80, 192.168.1.2:80, unix:/tmp/sock</literal>”. |
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388 If an internal redirect from one server group to another happened |
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389 using |
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390 <header>X-Accel-Redirect</header> or |
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391 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="error_page"/> |
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392 then these server groups are separated by colons, e.g. |
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393 “<literal>192.168.1.1:80, 192.168.1.2:80, unix:/tmp/sock : 192.168.10.1:80, 192.168.10.2:80</literal>”. |
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394 </tag-desc> |
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395 |
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396 <tag-name><var>$upstream_response_time</var></tag-name> |
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397 <tag-desc> |
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398 keeps servers response times in seconds with a milliseconds resolution. |
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399 Several responses are also separated by commas and colons. |
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400 </tag-desc> |
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401 |
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402 <tag-name><var>$upstream_status</var></tag-name> |
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403 <tag-desc> |
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404 keeps servers response codes. |
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405 Several responses are also separated by commas and colons. |
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406 </tag-desc> |
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407 |
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408 <tag-name><var>$upstream_http_...</var></tag-name> |
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409 <tag-desc> |
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410 keep server response header fields. |
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411 For example, the <header>Server</header> response header field |
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412 is made available through the <var>$upstream_http_server</var> variable. |
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413 Note that only the last server’s response header fields are saved. |
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414 </tag-desc> |
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415 |
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416 </list> |
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417 </para> |
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418 |
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419 </section> |
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420 |
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421 </module> |