Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/server_names.xml @ 38:abf4325d6996
- Short note about non-CBC, without any implicit suggestions
author | Andrey Alexeev <andrew@nginx.com> |
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date | Sat, 01 Oct 2011 11:20:24 +0000 |
parents | 61e04fc01027 |
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1 <!DOCTYPE digest SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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2 |
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3 <article title="Server names" |
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4 link="/en/docs/http/server_names.html" |
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5 lang="en" |
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6 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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7 editor="Brian Mercer"> |
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8 |
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9 |
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10 <section> |
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11 |
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12 <para> |
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13 Server names are defined using the <dirname>server_name</dirname> directive |
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14 and determine which server block is used for a given request. |
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15 See also “<a href="/en/docs/http/request_processing.xml" />”. |
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16 They may be defined using exact names, wildcard names, or regular expressions: |
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17 |
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18 <programlisting> |
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19 server { |
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20 listen 80; |
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21 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org; |
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22 ... |
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23 } |
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24 |
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25 server { |
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26 listen 80; |
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27 server_name *.nginx.org; |
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28 ... |
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29 } |
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30 |
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31 server { |
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32 listen 80; |
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33 server_name mail.*; |
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34 ... |
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35 } |
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36 |
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37 server { |
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38 listen 80; |
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39 server_name ~^(?<user>.+)\.nginx\.net$; |
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40 ... |
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41 } |
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42 </programlisting> |
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43 |
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44 The names are tested in the following order: |
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45 |
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46 <orderedlist> |
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47 |
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48 <item> |
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49 exact names; |
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50 </item> |
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51 |
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52 <item> |
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53 wildcard names starting with an asterisk: <url>*.nginx.org</url>; |
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54 </item> |
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55 |
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56 <item> |
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57 wildcard names ending with an asterisk: <url>mail.*</url>; |
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58 </item> |
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59 |
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60 <item> |
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61 and regular expressions in the order listed in the configuration file. |
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62 </item> |
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63 |
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64 </orderedlist> |
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65 The first match stops the search. |
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66 </para> |
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67 |
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68 </section> |
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69 |
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70 |
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71 <section name="wildcard_names" |
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72 title="Wildcard names"> |
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73 |
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74 <para> |
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75 A wildcard name may contain an asterisk only on the name's start or end, |
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76 and only on a dot border. The names <dirname>www.*.nginx.org</dirname> |
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77 and <dirname>w*.nginx.org</dirname> are invalid. |
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78 However, these names can be specified using regular expressions, |
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79 for example, <dirname>~^www\..+\.nginx\.org$</dirname> and |
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80 <dirname>~^w.*\.nginx\.org$</dirname>. |
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81 An asterisk can match several name parts. |
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82 The name <dirname>*.nginx.org</dirname> matches not only |
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83 <url>www.nginx.org</url> but <url>www.sub.nginx.org</url> as well. |
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84 </para> |
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85 |
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86 <para> |
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87 A special wildcard in the form <dirname>.nginx.org</dirname> can be used |
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88 to match both the exact name <dirname>nginx.org</dirname> |
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89 and the wildcard name <dirname>*.nginx.org</dirname>. |
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90 </para> |
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91 |
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92 </section> |
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93 |
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94 |
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95 <section name="regex_names" |
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96 title="Regular expressions names"> |
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97 |
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98 <para> |
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99 The regular expressions used by nginx are compatible with those used |
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100 by the Perl programming language (PCRE). |
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101 To use a regular expression, the server name must start with the tilde |
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102 character: |
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103 |
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104 <programlisting> |
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105 server_name ~^www\d+\.nginx\.net$; |
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106 </programlisting> |
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107 |
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108 otherwise it will be treated as an exact name, or if the expression contains |
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109 an asterisk, as a wildcard name (and most likely as an invalid one). |
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110 Do not forget to set “^” and “$” anchors. |
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111 They are not required syntactically, but logically. |
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112 Also note that domain name dots should be escaped with a backslash. |
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113 A regular expression containing the characters “{” |
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114 and “}” should be quoted: |
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115 |
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116 <programlisting> |
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117 server_name "~^(?<name>\w\d<b>{</b>1,3<b>}</b>+)\.nginx\.net$"; |
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118 </programlisting> |
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119 |
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120 otherwise nginx will fail to start and display the error message: |
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121 |
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122 <programlisting> |
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123 directive "server_name" is not terminated by ";" in ... |
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124 </programlisting> |
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125 |
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126 A named regular expression capture can be used later as a variable: |
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127 |
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128 <programlisting> |
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129 server { |
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130 server_name ~^(www\.)?(<b>?<domain></b>.+)$; |
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131 |
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132 location / { |
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133 root /sites/<b>$domain</b>; |
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134 } |
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135 } |
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136 </programlisting> |
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137 |
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138 The PCRE library supports named captures using the following syntax: |
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139 |
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140 <table note="yes"> |
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141 |
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142 <tr> |
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143 <td><code>?<<i>name</i>></code></td> |
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144 <td>Perl 5.10 compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-7.0</td> |
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145 </tr> |
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146 |
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147 <tr> |
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148 <td><code>?'<i>name</i>'</code></td> |
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149 <td>Perl 5.10 compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-7.0</td> |
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150 </tr> |
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151 |
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152 <tr> |
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153 <td><code>?P<<i>name</i>></code></td> |
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154 <td>Python compatible syntax, supported since PCRE-4.0</td> |
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155 </tr> |
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156 |
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157 </table> |
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158 |
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159 If nginx fails to start and displays the error message: |
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160 |
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161 <programlisting> |
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162 pcre_compile() failed: unrecognized character after (?< in ... |
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163 </programlisting> |
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164 |
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165 this means that the PCRE library is old |
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166 and you should try the syntax <dirname>?P<<i>name</i>></dirname>. |
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167 The captures can also be used in digital form: |
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168 |
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169 <programlisting> |
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170 server { |
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171 server_name ~^(www\.)?(.+)$; |
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172 |
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173 location / { |
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174 root /sites/<b>$2</b>; |
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175 } |
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176 } |
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177 </programlisting> |
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178 |
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179 However, such usage should be limited to simple cases (like the above), |
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180 since the digital references can easily be overwritten. |
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181 </para> |
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182 |
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183 |
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184 </section> |
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185 |
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186 |
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187 <section name="miscellaneous_names" |
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188 title="Miscellaneous names"> |
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189 |
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190 <para> |
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191 If you want to process requests without a “Host” header line |
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192 in a server block which is not the default, you should specify an empty name: |
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193 |
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194 <programlisting> |
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195 server { |
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196 listen 80; |
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197 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org ""; |
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198 ... |
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199 } |
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200 </programlisting> |
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201 </para> |
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202 |
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203 <para> |
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204 If no <dirname>server_name</dirname> is defined in a server block, |
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205 then nginx uses the empty name as the server name. |
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206 <note> |
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207 nginx versions up to 0.8.48 used the <i>hostname</i> as the server name |
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208 in this case. |
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209 </note> |
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210 </para> |
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211 |
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212 <para> |
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213 If someone makes a request using an IP address instead of a server name, |
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214 the request’s “Host” header line will contain the IP address |
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215 and you can handle the request using the IP address as the server name: |
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216 |
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217 <programlisting> |
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218 server { |
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219 listen 80; |
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220 server_name nginx.org |
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221 www.nginx.org |
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222 "" |
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223 <b>192.168.1.1</b> |
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224 ; |
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225 ... |
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226 } |
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227 </programlisting> |
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228 </para> |
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229 |
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230 <para> |
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231 In catch-all server examples you may see the strange name “_”: |
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232 |
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233 <programlisting> |
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234 server { |
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235 listen 80 default_server; |
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236 server_name _; |
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237 return 444; |
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238 } |
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239 </programlisting> |
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240 |
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241 There is nothing special about this name, it is just one of a myriad |
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242 of invalid domain names which never intersect with any real name. |
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243 You may also use something like “--”, “!@#”, and so on. |
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244 </para> |
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245 |
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246 <para> |
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247 nginx versions up to 0.6.25 supported the special name “*” |
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248 which was erroneously interpreted to be a catch-all name. |
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249 It never functioned as a catch-all or wildcard server name. |
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250 Instead, it supplied the functionality that is now provided |
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251 by the <dirname>server_name_in_redirect</dirname> directive. |
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252 The special name “*” is now deprecated |
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253 and the <dirname>server_name_in_redirect</dirname> directive should be used. |
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254 Note that there is no way to specify the catch-all name or |
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255 the <i>default</i> server using the <dirname>server_name</dirname> directive. |
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256 This is a property of the <dirname>listen</dirname> directive |
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257 and not of the <dirname>server_name</dirname> directive. |
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258 See also “<a href="/en/docs/http/request_processing.xml" />”. |
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259 You can define servers listening on ports *:80 and *:8080, |
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260 and direct that one will be the default server for port *:8080, |
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261 while the other will be the default for port *:80: |
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262 |
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263 <programlisting> |
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264 server { |
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265 listen 80; |
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266 listen 8080 default_server; |
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267 server_name nginx.net; |
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268 ... |
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269 } |
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270 |
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271 server { |
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272 listen 80 default_server; |
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273 listen 8080; |
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274 server_name nginx.org; |
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275 ... |
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276 } |
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277 </programlisting> |
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278 </para> |
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279 |
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280 |
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281 </section> |
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282 |
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283 |
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284 <section name="optimization" |
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285 title="Optimization"> |
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286 |
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287 <para> |
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288 Exact names and wildcard names are stored in hashes. |
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289 The hashes are bound to the listen ports and every listen port |
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290 may have up to three hashes: an exact names hash, a wildcard names hash |
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291 starting with an asterisk, and a wildcard names hash ending with an asterisk. |
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292 The sizes of the hashes are optimized at the configuration phase so that |
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293 a name can be found with the fewest CPU cache misses. |
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294 The exact names hash is searched first. |
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295 If a name is not found using the exact name hash, then the wildcard names hash |
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296 starting with an asterisk is searched. |
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297 If the name is not found there, the wildcard names hash |
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298 ending with an asterisk is searched. |
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299 Searching wildcard names hashes is slower than searching exact name hash |
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300 because names are searched by domain parts. |
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301 Note that the special wildcard form <dirname>.nginx.org</dirname> |
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302 is stored in a wildcard names hash and not in an exact names hash. |
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303 Regular expressions are tested sequentially |
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304 and therefore are the slowest method and are non-scalable. |
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305 </para> |
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306 |
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307 <para> |
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308 For these reasons, it is better to use exact names where possible. |
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309 For example, if the most frequently requested names of a server |
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310 are <url>nginx.org</url> and <url>www.nginx.org</url>, |
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311 it is more efficient to define them explicitly: |
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312 |
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313 <programlisting> |
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314 server { |
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315 listen 80; |
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316 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org *.nginx.org; |
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317 ... |
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318 } |
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319 </programlisting> |
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320 |
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321 than to use the simplified form: |
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322 |
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323 <programlisting> |
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324 server { |
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325 listen 80; |
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326 server_name .nginx.org; |
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327 ... |
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328 } |
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329 </programlisting> |
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330 </para> |
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331 |
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332 <para> |
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333 If you have defined a large number of server names, |
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334 or defined unusually long server names, you may need to tune |
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335 the <dirname>server_names_hash_max_size</dirname> |
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336 and <dirname>server_names_hash_bucket_size</dirname> directives |
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337 at the <i>http</i> level. |
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338 The default value of the <dirname>server_names_hash_bucket_size</dirname> |
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339 may be equal to 32, or 64, or another value, |
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340 depending on your CPU cache line size. |
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341 If the default value is 32 and you define |
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342 “too.long.server.name.nginx.org” as a server name, |
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343 then nginx will fail to start and display the error message: |
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344 |
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345 <programlisting> |
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346 could not build the server_names_hash, |
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347 you should increase server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32 |
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348 </programlisting> |
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349 |
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350 In this case, you should set the directive value to the next power of 2: |
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351 |
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352 <programlisting> |
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353 http { |
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354 server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; |
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355 ... |
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356 </programlisting> |
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357 |
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358 If you have defined a large number of server names, |
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359 you will get another error message: |
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360 |
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361 <programlisting> |
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362 could not build the server_names_hash, |
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363 you should increase either server_names_hash_max_size: 512 |
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364 or server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32 |
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365 </programlisting> |
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366 |
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367 You should first try to set <dirname>server_names_hash_max_size</dirname> |
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368 to a number close to the number of server names. |
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369 Only if this does not help, |
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370 or if nginx’s start time is unacceptably long, |
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371 should you try to increase <dirname>server_names_hash_bucket_size</dirname>. |
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372 </para> |
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373 |
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374 <para> |
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375 If a server is the only server for a listen port, then nginx will not test |
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376 server names at all (and will not build the hashes for the listen port). |
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377 However, there is one exception. |
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378 If a <dirname>server_name</dirname> is a regular expression with captures, |
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379 then nginx has to execute the expression to get the captures. |
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380 </para> |
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381 |
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382 </section> |
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383 |
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384 |
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385 <section name="compatibility" |
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386 title="Compatibility"> |
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387 |
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388 <para> |
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389 <list> |
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390 |
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391 <item> |
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392 A default server name value is an empty name “” since 0.8.48. |
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393 </item> |
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394 |
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395 <item> |
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396 Named regular expression server name captures have been supported since 0.8.25. |
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Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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397 </item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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398 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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399 <item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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400 Regular expression server name captures have been supported since 0.7.40. |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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401 </item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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402 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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403 <item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
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404 An empty server name “” has been supported since 0.7.12. |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
parents:
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405 </item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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406 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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407 <item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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408 A wildcard server name or regular expression has been supported for use |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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409 as the first server name since 0.6.25. |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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410 </item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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411 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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412 <item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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413 Regular expression server names have been supported since 0.6.7. |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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414 </item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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415 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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416 <item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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417 Wildcard form <url>nginx.*</url> has been supported since 0.6.0. |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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418 </item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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419 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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420 <item> |
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Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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421 The special form <url>.nginx.org</url> has been supported since 0.3.18. |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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422 </item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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423 |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com>
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424 <item> |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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425 Wildcard form <url>*.nginx.org</url> has been supported since 0.1.13. |
61e04fc01027
Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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426 </item> |
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Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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427 |
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Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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428 </list> |
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Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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429 </para> |
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Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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430 |
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Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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431 </section> |
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Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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432 |
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Initial import of the nginx.org website.
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433 </article> |