Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.xml @ 1513:88d1a1d36c0c
Corrected link to the PROXY protocol specification.
author | Yaroslav Zhuravlev <yar@nginx.com> |
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date | Tue, 16 Jun 2015 16:36:53 +0300 |
parents | 47f70f50d554 |
children | ecf2dd95ceb6 |
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1 <!-- |
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2 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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3 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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4 --> |
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5 |
50 | 6 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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8 <article name="Configuring HTTPS servers" |
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9 link="/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.html" |
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10 lang="en" |
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11 rev="9" |
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12 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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13 editor="Brian Mercer"> |
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14 |
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15 <section> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
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18 To configure an HTTPS server, the <literal>ssl</literal> parameter |
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19 must be enabled on |
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20 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen">listening sockets</link> |
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21 in the <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/> block, |
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22 and the locations of the server certificate |
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23 and private key files should be specified: |
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24 |
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25 <programlisting> |
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26 server { |
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27 listen 443 <b>ssl</b>; |
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28 server_name www.example.com; |
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29 ssl_certificate <b>www.example.com.crt</b>; |
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30 ssl_certificate_key <b>www.example.com.key</b>; |
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31 ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; |
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32 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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33 ... |
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34 } |
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35 </programlisting> |
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36 |
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37 The server certificate is a public entity. |
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38 It is sent to every client that connects to the server. |
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39 The private key is a secure entity and should be stored in a file with |
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40 restricted access, however, it must be readable by nginx’s master process. |
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41 The private key may alternately be stored in the same file as the certificate: |
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42 |
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43 <programlisting> |
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44 ssl_certificate www.example.com.cert; |
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45 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.cert; |
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46 </programlisting> |
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47 |
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48 in which case the file access rights should also be restricted. |
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49 Although the certificate and the key are stored in one file, |
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50 only the certificate is sent to a client. |
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51 </para> |
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52 |
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53 <para> |
271 | 54 The directives <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_protocols"/> and |
55 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_ciphers"/> | |
56 can be used to limit connections | |
56 | 57 to include only the strong versions and ciphers of SSL/TLS. |
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58 By default nginx uses |
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59 “<literal>ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2</literal>” |
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60 and “<literal>ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>”, |
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61 so configuring them explicitly is generally not needed. |
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62 Note that default values of these directives were |
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63 <link id="compatibility">changed</link> several times. |
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64 </para> |
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65 |
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66 </section> |
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67 |
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68 |
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69 <section id="optimization" name="HTTPS server optimization"> |
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70 |
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71 <para> |
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72 SSL operations consume extra CPU resources. |
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73 On multi-processor systems several worker processes should be run, |
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74 no less than the number of available CPU cores. |
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75 The most CPU-intensive operation is the SSL handshake. |
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76 There are two ways to minimize the number of these operations per client: |
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77 the first is by enabling keepalive connections to send several |
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78 requests via one connection and the second is to reuse SSL session |
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79 parameters to avoid SSL handshakes for parallel and subsequent connections. |
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80 The sessions are stored in an SSL session cache shared between workers |
271 | 81 and configured by the |
82 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_cache"/> | |
83 directive. | |
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84 One megabyte of the cache contains about 4000 sessions. |
271 | 85 The default cache timeout is 5 minutes. |
86 It can be increased by using the | |
87 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_timeout"/> | |
88 directive. | |
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89 Here is a sample configuration optimized for a multi-core system |
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90 with 10 megabyte shared session cache: |
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91 |
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92 <programlisting> |
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93 <b>worker_processes auto</b>; |
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94 |
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95 http { |
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96 <b>ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m</b>; |
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97 <b>ssl_session_timeout 10m</b>; |
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98 |
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99 server { |
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100 listen 443 ssl; |
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101 server_name www.example.com; |
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102 <b>keepalive_timeout 70</b>; |
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103 |
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104 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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105 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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106 ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; |
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107 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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108 ... |
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109 </programlisting> |
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110 </para> |
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111 |
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112 </section> |
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113 |
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114 |
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115 <section id="chains" name="SSL certificate chains"> |
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116 |
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117 <para> |
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118 Some browsers may complain about a certificate signed by a well-known |
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119 certificate authority, while other browsers may accept the certificate |
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120 without issues. |
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121 This occurs because the issuing authority has signed the server certificate |
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122 using an intermediate certificate that is not present in the certificate |
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123 base of well-known trusted certificate authorities which is distributed |
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124 with a particular browser. |
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125 In this case the authority provides a bundle of chained certificates |
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126 which should be concatenated to the signed server certificate. |
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127 The server certificate must appear before the chained certificates |
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128 in the combined file: |
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129 |
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130 <programlisting> |
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131 $ cat www.example.com.crt bundle.crt > www.example.com.chained.crt |
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132 </programlisting> |
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133 |
271 | 134 The resulting file should be used in the |
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135 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_certificate"/> directive: |
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136 |
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137 <programlisting> |
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138 server { |
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139 listen 443 ssl; |
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140 server_name www.example.com; |
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141 ssl_certificate www.example.com.chained.crt; |
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142 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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143 ... |
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144 } |
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145 </programlisting> |
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146 |
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147 If the server certificate and the bundle have been concatenated in the wrong |
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148 order, nginx will fail to start and will display the error message: |
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149 |
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150 <programlisting> |
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151 SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(" ... /www.example.com.key") failed |
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152 (SSL: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines: |
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153 X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch) |
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154 </programlisting> |
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155 |
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156 because nginx has tried to use the private key with the bundle’s |
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157 first certificate instead of the server certificate. |
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158 </para> |
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159 |
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160 <para> |
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161 Browsers usually store intermediate certificates which they receive |
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162 and which are signed by trusted authorities, so actively used browsers |
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163 may already have the required intermediate certificates and |
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164 may not complain about a certificate sent without a chained bundle. |
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165 To ensure the server sends the complete certificate chain, |
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166 the <command>openssl</command> command-line utility may be used, for example: |
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167 |
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168 <programlisting> |
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169 $ openssl s_client -connect www.godaddy.com:443 |
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170 ... |
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171 Certificate chain |
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172 0 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3=US |
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173 /1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.2=AZ/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc |
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174 /OU=MIS Department/<b>CN=www.GoDaddy.com</b> |
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175 /serialNumber=0796928-7/2.5.4.15=V1.0, Clause 5.(b) |
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176 i:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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177 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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178 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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179 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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180 1 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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181 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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182 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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183 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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184 i:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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185 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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186 2 s:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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187 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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188 i:/L=ValiCert Validation Network/O=<b>ValiCert, Inc.</b> |
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189 /OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority |
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190 /CN=http://www.valicert.com//emailAddress=info@valicert.com |
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191 ... |
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192 </programlisting> |
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193 |
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194 In this example the subject (“<i>s</i>”) of the |
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195 <literal>www.GoDaddy.com</literal> server certificate #0 is signed by an issuer |
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196 (“<i>i</i>”) which itself is the subject of the certificate #1, |
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197 which is signed by an issuer which itself is the subject of the certificate #2, |
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198 which signed by the well-known issuer <i>ValiCert, Inc.</i> |
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199 whose certificate is stored in the browsers’ built-in |
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200 certificate base (that lay in the house that Jack built). |
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201 </para> |
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202 |
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203 <para> |
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204 If a certificate bundle has not been added, only the server certificate #0 |
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205 will be shown. |
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206 </para> |
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207 |
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208 </section> |
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209 |
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210 |
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211 <section id="single_http_https_server" name="A single HTTP/HTTPS server"> |
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212 |
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213 <para> |
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214 It is possible to configure a single server that handles both HTTP |
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215 and HTTPS requests: |
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216 |
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217 <programlisting> |
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218 server { |
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219 listen 80; |
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220 listen 443 ssl; |
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221 server_name www.example.com; |
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222 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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223 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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224 ... |
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225 } |
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226 </programlisting> |
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227 |
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228 <note> |
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229 Prior to 0.7.14 SSL could not be enabled selectively for |
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230 individual listening sockets, as shown above. |
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231 SSL could only be enabled for the entire server using the |
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232 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl"/> directive, |
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233 making it impossible to set up a single HTTP/HTTPS server. |
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234 The <literal>ssl</literal> parameter of the |
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235 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> directive |
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236 was added to solve this issue. |
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237 The use of the |
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238 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl"/> directive |
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239 in modern versions is thus discouraged. |
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240 </note> |
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241 </para> |
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242 |
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243 </section> |
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244 |
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245 |
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246 <section id="name_based_https_servers" name="Name-based HTTPS servers"> |
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247 |
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248 <para> |
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249 A common issue arises when configuring two or more HTTPS servers |
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250 listening on a single IP address: |
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251 |
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252 <programlisting> |
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253 server { |
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254 listen 443 ssl; |
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255 server_name www.example.com; |
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256 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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257 ... |
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258 } |
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259 |
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260 server { |
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261 listen 443 ssl; |
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262 server_name www.example.org; |
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263 ssl_certificate www.example.org.crt; |
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264 ... |
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265 } |
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266 </programlisting> |
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267 |
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268 With this configuration a browser receives the default server’s certificate, |
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269 i.e. <literal>www.example.com</literal> regardless of the requested server name. |
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270 This is caused by SSL protocol behaviour. |
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271 The SSL connection is established before the browser sends an HTTP request |
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272 and nginx does not know the name of the requested server. |
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273 Therefore, it may only offer the default server’s certificate. |
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274 </para> |
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275 |
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276 <para> |
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277 The oldest and most robust method to resolve the issue |
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278 is to assign a separate IP address for every HTTPS server: |
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279 |
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280 <programlisting> |
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281 server { |
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282 listen 192.168.1.1:443 ssl; |
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283 server_name www.example.com; |
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284 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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285 ... |
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286 } |
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287 |
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288 server { |
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289 listen 192.168.1.2:443 ssl; |
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290 server_name www.example.org; |
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291 ssl_certificate www.example.org.crt; |
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292 ... |
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293 } |
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294 </programlisting> |
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295 </para> |
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296 |
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297 |
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298 <section id="certificate_with_several_names" |
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299 name="An SSL certificate with several names"> |
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300 |
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301 <para> |
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302 There are other ways that allow sharing a single IP address |
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303 between several HTTPS servers. |
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304 However, all of them have their drawbacks. |
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305 One way is to use a certificate with several names in |
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306 the SubjectAltName certificate field, for example, |
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307 <literal>www.example.com</literal> and <literal>www.example.org</literal>. |
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308 However, the SubjectAltName field length is limited. |
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309 </para> |
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310 |
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311 <para> |
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312 Another way is to use a certificate with a wildcard name, for example, |
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313 <literal>*.example.org</literal>. |
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314 A wildcard certificate secures all subdomains of the specified domain, |
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315 but only on one level. |
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316 This certificate matches <literal>www.example.org</literal>, but does not match |
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317 <literal>example.org</literal> and <literal>www.sub.example.org</literal>. |
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318 These two methods can also be combined. |
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319 A certificate may contain exact and wildcard names in the |
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320 SubjectAltName field, for example, |
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321 <literal>example.org</literal> and <literal>*.example.org</literal>. |
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322 </para> |
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323 |
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324 <para> |
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325 It is better to place a certificate file with several names and |
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326 its private key file at the <i>http</i> level of configuration |
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327 to inherit their single memory copy in all servers: |
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328 |
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329 <programlisting> |
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330 ssl_certificate common.crt; |
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331 ssl_certificate_key common.key; |
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332 |
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333 server { |
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334 listen 443 ssl; |
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335 server_name www.example.com; |
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336 ... |
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337 } |
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338 |
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339 server { |
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340 listen 443 ssl; |
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341 server_name www.example.org; |
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342 ... |
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343 } |
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344 </programlisting> |
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345 </para> |
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346 |
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347 </section> |
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348 |
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349 |
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350 <section id="sni" name="Server Name Indication"> |
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351 |
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352 <para> |
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353 A more generic solution for running several HTTPS servers on a single |
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354 IP address is |
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355 <link url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication">TLS |
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356 Server Name Indication extension</link> (SNI, RFC 6066), |
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357 which allows a browser to pass a requested server name during the SSL handshake |
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358 and, therefore, the server will know which certificate it should use |
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359 for the connection. |
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360 However, SNI has limited browser support. |
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361 Currently it is supported starting with the following browsers versions: |
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362 </para> |
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363 |
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364 <para> |
461 | 365 <list type="bullet"> |
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366 |
461 | 367 <listitem> |
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368 Opera 8.0; |
461 | 369 </listitem> |
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370 |
461 | 371 <listitem> |
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372 MSIE 7.0 (but only on Windows Vista or higher); |
461 | 373 </listitem> |
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374 |
461 | 375 <listitem> |
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376 Firefox 2.0 and other browsers using Mozilla Platform rv:1.8.1; |
461 | 377 </listitem> |
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378 |
461 | 379 <listitem> |
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380 Safari 3.2.1 (Windows version supports SNI on Vista or higher); |
461 | 381 </listitem> |
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382 |
461 | 383 <listitem> |
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384 and Chrome (Windows version supports SNI on Vista or higher, too). |
461 | 385 </listitem> |
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386 |
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387 </list> |
658
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388 <note> |
661
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389 Only domain names can be passed in SNI, |
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390 however some browsers may erroneously pass an IP address of the server |
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391 as its name if a request includes literal IP address. |
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392 One should not rely on this. |
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393 </note> |
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394 </para> |
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395 |
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396 <para> |
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397 In order to use SNI in nginx, it must be supported in both the |
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398 OpenSSL library with which the nginx binary has been built as well as |
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399 the library to which it is being dynamically linked at run time. |
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400 OpenSSL supports SNI since 0.9.8f version if it was built with config option |
660
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401 <nobr>“--enable-tlsext”.</nobr> |
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402 Since OpenSSL 0.9.8j this option is enabled by default. |
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403 If nginx was built with SNI support, then nginx will show this |
660
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404 when run with the “-V” switch: |
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405 |
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406 <programlisting> |
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407 $ nginx -V |
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408 ... |
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409 TLS SNI support enabled |
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410 ... |
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411 </programlisting> |
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412 |
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413 However, if the SNI-enabled nginx is linked dynamically to |
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414 an OpenSSL library without SNI support, nginx displays the warning: |
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415 |
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416 <programlisting> |
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417 nginx was built with SNI support, however, now it is linked |
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418 dynamically to an OpenSSL library which has no tlsext support, |
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419 therefore SNI is not available |
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420 </programlisting> |
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421 </para> |
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422 |
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423 </section> |
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424 |
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425 </section> |
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426 |
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427 |
121
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428 <section id="compatibility" name="Compatibility"> |
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429 |
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430 <para> |
461 | 431 <list type="bullet"> |
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432 |
461 | 433 <listitem> |
660
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434 The SNI support status has been shown by the “-V” switch |
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435 since 0.8.21 and 0.7.62. |
461 | 436 </listitem> |
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437 |
461 | 438 <listitem> |
271 | 439 The <literal>ssl</literal> parameter of the |
440 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> | |
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441 directive has been supported since 0.7.14. |
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442 Prior to 0.8.21 it could only be specified along with the |
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443 <literal>default</literal> parameter. |
461 | 444 </listitem> |
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445 |
461 | 446 <listitem> |
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447 SNI has been supported since 0.5.32. |
461 | 448 </listitem> |
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449 |
461 | 450 <listitem> |
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451 The shared SSL session cache has been supported since 0.5.6. |
461 | 452 </listitem> |
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453 |
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454 </list> |
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455 </para> |
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456 |
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457 <para> |
461 | 458 <list type="bullet"> |
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459 |
461 | 460 <listitem> |
1499
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Removed SSLv3 from the default value of ssl_protocols and friends.
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461 Version 1.9.1 and later: the default SSL protocols are TLSv1, |
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462 TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2 (if supported by the OpenSSL library). |
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463 </listitem> |
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464 |
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465 <listitem> |
314
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466 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.19 and later: the default SSL protocols are SSLv3, TLSv1, |
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467 TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2 (if supported by the OpenSSL library). |
461 | 468 </listitem> |
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469 |
461 | 470 <listitem> |
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471 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL protocols are SSLv2, |
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472 SSLv3, and TLSv1. |
461 | 473 </listitem> |
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474 |
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475 </list> |
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476 </para> |
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477 |
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478 <para> |
461 | 479 <list type="bullet"> |
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480 |
461 | 481 <listitem> |
43
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Update of SSL ciphers in latest nginx versions.
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482 Version 1.0.5 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 483 “<literal>HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>”. |
461 | 484 </listitem> |
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485 |
461 | 486 <listitem> |
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487 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.20 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 488 “<literal>HIGH:!ADH:!MD5</literal>”. |
461 | 489 </listitem> |
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490 |
461 | 491 <listitem> |
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492 Version 0.8.19: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 493 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM</literal>”. |
461 | 494 </listitem> |
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495 |
461 | 496 <listitem> |
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497 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL ciphers are<br/> |
271 | 498 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP</literal>”. |
461 | 499 </listitem> |
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500 |
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501 </list> |
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502 </para> |
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503 |
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504 |
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505 </section> |
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506 |
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507 |
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508 </article> |