Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.xml @ 2759:5fcef752e096
The annual community survey promo added.
author | Maxim Konovalov <maxim@nginx.com> |
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date | Thu, 26 Aug 2021 20:11:01 +0300 |
parents | aac9e462320b |
children | 37e082fd009c |
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1 <!-- |
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2 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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3 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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4 --> |
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5 |
50 | 6 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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8 <article name="Configuring HTTPS servers" |
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9 link="/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.html" |
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10 lang="en" |
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11 rev="13" |
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12 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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13 editor="Brian Mercer"> |
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14 |
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15 <section> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
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18 To configure an HTTPS server, the <literal>ssl</literal> parameter |
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19 must be enabled on |
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20 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen">listening sockets</link> |
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21 in the <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="server"/> block, |
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22 and the locations of the |
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23 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_certificate">server certificate</link> |
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24 and |
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25 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_certificate_key">private key</link> |
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26 files should be specified: |
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27 |
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28 <programlisting> |
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29 server { |
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30 listen 443 <b>ssl</b>; |
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31 server_name www.example.com; |
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32 ssl_certificate <b>www.example.com.crt</b>; |
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33 ssl_certificate_key <b>www.example.com.key</b>; |
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34 ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; |
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35 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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36 ... |
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37 } |
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38 </programlisting> |
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39 |
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40 The server certificate is a public entity. |
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41 It is sent to every client that connects to the server. |
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42 The private key is a secure entity and should be stored in a file with |
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43 restricted access, however, it must be readable by nginx’s master process. |
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44 The private key may alternately be stored in the same file as the certificate: |
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45 |
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46 <programlisting> |
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47 ssl_certificate www.example.com.cert; |
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48 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.cert; |
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49 </programlisting> |
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50 |
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51 in which case the file access rights should also be restricted. |
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52 Although the certificate and the key are stored in one file, |
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53 only the certificate is sent to a client. |
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54 </para> |
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55 |
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56 <para> |
271 | 57 The directives <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_protocols"/> and |
58 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_ciphers"/> | |
59 can be used to limit connections | |
56 | 60 to include only the strong versions and ciphers of SSL/TLS. |
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61 By default nginx uses |
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62 “<literal>ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2</literal>” |
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63 and “<literal>ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>”, |
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64 so configuring them explicitly is generally not needed. |
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65 Note that default values of these directives were |
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66 <link id="compatibility">changed</link> several times. |
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67 </para> |
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68 |
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69 </section> |
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70 |
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71 |
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72 <section id="optimization" name="HTTPS server optimization"> |
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73 |
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74 <para> |
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75 SSL operations consume extra CPU resources. |
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76 On multi-processor systems several |
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77 <link doc="../ngx_core_module.xml" id="worker_processes">worker processes</link> |
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78 should be run, |
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79 no less than the number of available CPU cores. |
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80 The most CPU-intensive operation is the SSL handshake. |
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81 There are two ways to minimize the number of these operations per client: |
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82 the first is by enabling |
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83 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="keepalive_timeout">keepalive</link> |
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84 connections to send several |
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85 requests via one connection and the second is to reuse SSL session |
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86 parameters to avoid SSL handshakes for parallel and subsequent connections. |
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87 The sessions are stored in an SSL session cache shared between workers |
271 | 88 and configured by the |
89 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_cache"/> | |
90 directive. | |
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91 One megabyte of the cache contains about 4000 sessions. |
271 | 92 The default cache timeout is 5 minutes. |
93 It can be increased by using the | |
94 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_timeout"/> | |
95 directive. | |
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96 Here is a sample configuration optimized for a multi-core system |
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97 with 10 megabyte shared session cache: |
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98 |
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99 <programlisting> |
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100 <b>worker_processes auto</b>; |
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101 |
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102 http { |
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103 <b>ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m</b>; |
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104 <b>ssl_session_timeout 10m</b>; |
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105 |
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106 server { |
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107 listen 443 ssl; |
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108 server_name www.example.com; |
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109 <b>keepalive_timeout 70</b>; |
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110 |
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111 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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112 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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113 ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; |
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114 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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115 ... |
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116 </programlisting> |
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117 </para> |
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118 |
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119 </section> |
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120 |
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121 |
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122 <section id="chains" name="SSL certificate chains"> |
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123 |
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124 <para> |
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125 Some browsers may complain about a certificate signed by a well-known |
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126 certificate authority, while other browsers may accept the certificate |
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127 without issues. |
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128 This occurs because the issuing authority has signed the server certificate |
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129 using an intermediate certificate that is not present in the certificate |
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130 base of well-known trusted certificate authorities which is distributed |
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131 with a particular browser. |
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132 In this case the authority provides a bundle of chained certificates |
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133 which should be concatenated to the signed server certificate. |
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134 The server certificate must appear before the chained certificates |
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135 in the combined file: |
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136 |
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137 <programlisting> |
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138 $ cat www.example.com.crt bundle.crt > www.example.com.chained.crt |
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139 </programlisting> |
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140 |
271 | 141 The resulting file should be used in the |
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142 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_certificate"/> directive: |
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143 |
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144 <programlisting> |
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145 server { |
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146 listen 443 ssl; |
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147 server_name www.example.com; |
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148 ssl_certificate www.example.com.chained.crt; |
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149 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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150 ... |
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151 } |
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152 </programlisting> |
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153 |
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154 If the server certificate and the bundle have been concatenated in the wrong |
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155 order, nginx will fail to start and will display the error message: |
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156 |
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157 <programlisting> |
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158 SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(" ... /www.example.com.key") failed |
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159 (SSL: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines: |
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160 X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch) |
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161 </programlisting> |
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162 |
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163 because nginx has tried to use the private key with the bundle’s |
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164 first certificate instead of the server certificate. |
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165 </para> |
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166 |
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167 <para> |
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168 Browsers usually store intermediate certificates which they receive |
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169 and which are signed by trusted authorities, so actively used browsers |
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170 may already have the required intermediate certificates and |
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171 may not complain about a certificate sent without a chained bundle. |
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172 To ensure the server sends the complete certificate chain, |
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173 the <command>openssl</command> command-line utility may be used, for example: |
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174 |
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175 <programlisting> |
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176 $ openssl s_client -connect www.godaddy.com:443 |
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177 ... |
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178 Certificate chain |
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179 0 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3=US |
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180 /1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.2=AZ/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc |
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181 /OU=MIS Department/<b>CN=www.GoDaddy.com</b> |
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182 /serialNumber=0796928-7/2.5.4.15=V1.0, Clause 5.(b) |
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183 i:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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184 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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185 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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186 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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187 1 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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188 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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189 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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190 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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191 i:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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192 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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193 2 s:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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194 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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195 i:/L=ValiCert Validation Network/O=<b>ValiCert, Inc.</b> |
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196 /OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority |
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197 /CN=http://www.valicert.com//emailAddress=info@valicert.com |
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198 ... |
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199 </programlisting> |
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200 |
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201 <note> |
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202 When testing configurations with <link id="sni">SNI</link>, |
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203 it is important to specify the <literal>-servername</literal> option |
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204 as <command>openssl</command> does not use SNI by default. |
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205 </note> |
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206 |
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207 In this example the subject (“<i>s</i>”) of the |
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208 <literal>www.GoDaddy.com</literal> server certificate #0 is signed by an issuer |
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209 (“<i>i</i>”) which itself is the subject of the certificate #1, |
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210 which is signed by an issuer which itself is the subject of the certificate #2, |
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211 which signed by the well-known issuer <i>ValiCert, Inc.</i> |
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212 whose certificate is stored in the browsers’ built-in |
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213 certificate base (that lay in the house that Jack built). |
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214 </para> |
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215 |
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216 <para> |
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217 If a certificate bundle has not been added, only the server certificate #0 |
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218 will be shown. |
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219 </para> |
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220 |
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221 </section> |
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222 |
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223 |
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224 <section id="single_http_https_server" name="A single HTTP/HTTPS server"> |
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225 |
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226 <para> |
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227 It is possible to configure a single server that handles both HTTP |
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228 and HTTPS requests: |
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229 |
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230 <programlisting> |
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231 server { |
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232 listen 80; |
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233 listen 443 ssl; |
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234 server_name www.example.com; |
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235 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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236 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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237 ... |
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238 } |
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239 </programlisting> |
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240 |
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241 <note> |
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242 Prior to 0.7.14 SSL could not be enabled selectively for |
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243 individual listening sockets, as shown above. |
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244 SSL could only be enabled for the entire server using the |
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245 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl"/> directive, |
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246 making it impossible to set up a single HTTP/HTTPS server. |
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247 The <literal>ssl</literal> parameter of the |
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248 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> directive |
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249 was added to solve this issue. |
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250 The use of the |
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251 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl"/> directive |
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252 in modern versions is thus discouraged. |
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253 </note> |
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254 </para> |
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255 |
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256 </section> |
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257 |
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258 |
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259 <section id="name_based_https_servers" name="Name-based HTTPS servers"> |
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260 |
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261 <para> |
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262 A common issue arises when configuring two or more HTTPS servers |
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263 listening on a single IP address: |
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264 |
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265 <programlisting> |
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266 server { |
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267 listen 443 ssl; |
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268 server_name www.example.com; |
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269 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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270 ... |
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271 } |
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272 |
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273 server { |
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274 listen 443 ssl; |
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275 server_name www.example.org; |
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276 ssl_certificate www.example.org.crt; |
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277 ... |
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278 } |
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279 </programlisting> |
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280 |
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281 With this configuration a browser receives the default server’s certificate, |
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282 i.e. <literal>www.example.com</literal> regardless of the requested server name. |
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283 This is caused by SSL protocol behaviour. |
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284 The SSL connection is established before the browser sends an HTTP request |
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285 and nginx does not know the name of the requested server. |
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286 Therefore, it may only offer the default server’s certificate. |
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287 </para> |
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288 |
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289 <para> |
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290 The oldest and most robust method to resolve the issue |
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291 is to assign a separate IP address for every HTTPS server: |
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292 |
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293 <programlisting> |
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294 server { |
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295 listen 192.168.1.1:443 ssl; |
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296 server_name www.example.com; |
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297 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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298 ... |
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299 } |
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300 |
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301 server { |
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302 listen 192.168.1.2:443 ssl; |
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303 server_name www.example.org; |
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304 ssl_certificate www.example.org.crt; |
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305 ... |
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306 } |
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307 </programlisting> |
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308 </para> |
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309 |
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310 |
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311 <section id="certificate_with_several_names" |
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312 name="An SSL certificate with several names"> |
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313 |
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314 <para> |
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315 There are other ways that allow sharing a single IP address |
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316 between several HTTPS servers. |
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317 However, all of them have their drawbacks. |
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318 One way is to use a certificate with several names in |
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319 the SubjectAltName certificate field, for example, |
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320 <literal>www.example.com</literal> and <literal>www.example.org</literal>. |
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321 However, the SubjectAltName field length is limited. |
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322 </para> |
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323 |
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324 <para> |
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325 Another way is to use a certificate with a wildcard name, for example, |
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326 <literal>*.example.org</literal>. |
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327 A wildcard certificate secures all subdomains of the specified domain, |
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328 but only on one level. |
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329 This certificate matches <literal>www.example.org</literal>, but does not match |
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330 <literal>example.org</literal> and <literal>www.sub.example.org</literal>. |
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331 These two methods can also be combined. |
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332 A certificate may contain exact and wildcard names in the |
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333 SubjectAltName field, for example, |
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334 <literal>example.org</literal> and <literal>*.example.org</literal>. |
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335 </para> |
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336 |
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337 <para> |
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338 It is better to place a certificate file with several names and |
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339 its private key file at the <i>http</i> level of configuration |
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340 to inherit their single memory copy in all servers: |
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341 |
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342 <programlisting> |
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343 ssl_certificate common.crt; |
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344 ssl_certificate_key common.key; |
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345 |
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346 server { |
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347 listen 443 ssl; |
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348 server_name www.example.com; |
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349 ... |
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350 } |
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351 |
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352 server { |
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353 listen 443 ssl; |
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354 server_name www.example.org; |
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355 ... |
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356 } |
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357 </programlisting> |
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358 </para> |
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359 |
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360 </section> |
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361 |
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362 |
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363 <section id="sni" name="Server Name Indication"> |
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364 |
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365 <para> |
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366 A more generic solution for running several HTTPS servers on a single |
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367 IP address is |
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368 <link url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication">TLS |
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369 Server Name Indication extension</link> (SNI, RFC 6066), |
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370 which allows a browser to pass a requested server name during the SSL handshake |
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371 and, therefore, the server will know which certificate it should use |
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372 for the connection. |
2040
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373 SNI is currently |
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374 <link url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication#Support">supported</link> |
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375 by most modern browsers, though may not be used by some old or special clients. |
658
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376 <note> |
661
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377 Only domain names can be passed in SNI, |
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378 however some browsers may erroneously pass an IP address of the server |
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379 as its name if a request includes literal IP address. |
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380 One should not rely on this. |
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381 </note> |
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382 </para> |
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383 |
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384 <para> |
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385 In order to use SNI in nginx, it must be supported in both the |
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386 OpenSSL library with which the nginx binary has been built as well as |
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387 the library to which it is being dynamically linked at run time. |
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388 OpenSSL supports SNI since 0.9.8f version if it was built with config option |
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389 <nobr>“--enable-tlsext”.</nobr> |
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390 Since OpenSSL 0.9.8j this option is enabled by default. |
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391 If nginx was built with SNI support, then nginx will show this |
660
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392 when run with the “-V” switch: |
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393 |
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394 <programlisting> |
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395 $ nginx -V |
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396 ... |
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397 TLS SNI support enabled |
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398 ... |
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399 </programlisting> |
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400 |
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401 However, if the SNI-enabled nginx is linked dynamically to |
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402 an OpenSSL library without SNI support, nginx displays the warning: |
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403 |
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404 <programlisting> |
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405 nginx was built with SNI support, however, now it is linked |
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406 dynamically to an OpenSSL library which has no tlsext support, |
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407 therefore SNI is not available |
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408 </programlisting> |
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409 </para> |
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410 |
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411 </section> |
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412 |
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413 </section> |
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414 |
0
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415 |
121
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416 <section id="compatibility" name="Compatibility"> |
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417 |
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418 <para> |
461 | 419 <list type="bullet"> |
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420 |
461 | 421 <listitem> |
660
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422 The SNI support status has been shown by the “-V” switch |
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423 since 0.8.21 and 0.7.62. |
461 | 424 </listitem> |
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425 |
461 | 426 <listitem> |
271 | 427 The <literal>ssl</literal> parameter of the |
428 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> | |
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429 directive has been supported since 0.7.14. |
801
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430 Prior to 0.8.21 it could only be specified along with the |
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431 <literal>default</literal> parameter. |
461 | 432 </listitem> |
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433 |
461 | 434 <listitem> |
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Fixed a typo in nginx version number.
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435 SNI has been supported since 0.5.23. |
461 | 436 </listitem> |
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437 |
461 | 438 <listitem> |
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439 The shared SSL session cache has been supported since 0.5.6. |
461 | 440 </listitem> |
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441 |
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442 </list> |
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443 </para> |
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444 |
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445 <para> |
461 | 446 <list type="bullet"> |
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447 |
461 | 448 <listitem> |
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449 Version 1.9.1 and later: the default SSL protocols are TLSv1, |
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450 TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2 (if supported by the OpenSSL library). |
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451 </listitem> |
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452 |
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453 <listitem> |
314
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454 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.19 and later: the default SSL protocols are SSLv3, TLSv1, |
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455 TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2 (if supported by the OpenSSL library). |
461 | 456 </listitem> |
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457 |
461 | 458 <listitem> |
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459 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL protocols are SSLv2, |
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460 SSLv3, and TLSv1. |
461 | 461 </listitem> |
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462 |
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463 </list> |
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464 </para> |
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465 |
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466 <para> |
461 | 467 <list type="bullet"> |
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468 |
461 | 469 <listitem> |
43
662995d3e647
Update of SSL ciphers in latest nginx versions.
Igor Sysoev <igor@sysoev.ru>
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470 Version 1.0.5 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 471 “<literal>HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>”. |
461 | 472 </listitem> |
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473 |
461 | 474 <listitem> |
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475 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.20 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 476 “<literal>HIGH:!ADH:!MD5</literal>”. |
461 | 477 </listitem> |
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478 |
461 | 479 <listitem> |
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480 Version 0.8.19: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 481 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM</literal>”. |
461 | 482 </listitem> |
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483 |
461 | 484 <listitem> |
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485 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL ciphers are<br/> |
271 | 486 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP</literal>”. |
461 | 487 </listitem> |
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488 |
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489 </list> |
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490 </para> |
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491 |
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492 |
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493 </section> |
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494 |
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495 |
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496 </article> |