Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/cn/docs/http/request_processing.xml @ 573:58f5acb7a67d
Removed LICENSE.ru.
author | Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com> |
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date | Thu, 05 Jul 2012 13:17:11 +0000 |
parents | 149f54c158f0 |
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1 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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2 |
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3 <article name="Nginx如何处理一个请求" |
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4 link="/cn/docs/http/request_processing.html" |
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5 lang="cn" |
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6 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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7 editor="Brian Mercer"> |
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8 |
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9 |
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10 <section name="基于名字的虚拟主机"> |
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11 |
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12 <para> |
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13 Nginx首先选定由哪一个<i>虚拟主机</i>来处理请求。让我们从一个简单的配置(其中全部3个虚拟主机都在端口*:80上监听)开始: |
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14 |
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15 <programlisting> |
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16 server { |
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17 listen 80; |
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18 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org; |
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19 ... |
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20 } |
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21 |
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22 server { |
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23 listen 80; |
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24 server_name nginx.net www.nginx.net; |
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25 ... |
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26 } |
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27 |
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28 server { |
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29 listen 80; |
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30 server_name nginx.com www.nginx.com; |
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31 ... |
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32 } |
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33 </programlisting> |
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34 </para> |
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35 |
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36 <para> |
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37 在这个配置中,nginx仅仅检查请求的Host头以决定该请求应由哪个虚拟主机来处理。如果Host头没有匹配到任意一个主机名,或者请求中根本没有包含这个头,那nginx会将这个请求分发到默认的虚拟主机。在以上配置中,第一个被列出的虚拟主机即nginx的默认虚拟主机——这是nginx的标准默认行为。如果不想第一个虚拟主机成为默认主机,可以显式地在"<literal>listen</literal>"指令中设置"<literal>default_server</literal>"参数: |
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38 |
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39 <programlisting> |
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40 server { |
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41 listen 80 <b>default_server</b>; |
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42 server_name nginx.net www.nginx.net; |
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43 ... |
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44 } |
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45 </programlisting> |
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46 |
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47 <note> |
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48 "<literal>default_server</literal>"参数从0.8.21版开始使用。在之前的版本中,需要使用"<literal>default</literal>"参数代替。 |
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49 </note> |
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50 |
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51 请注意"<literal>default_server</literal>"是监听端口的属性,而不是主机名的属性。后面会对此有更多介绍。 |
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52 </para> |
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53 |
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54 </section> |
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55 |
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56 |
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57 <section id="how_to_prevent_undefined_server_names" |
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58 name="如何防止处理未定义主机名的请求"> |
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59 |
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60 <para> |
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61 如果不想处理未定义<header>Host</header>头的请求,可以定义如下主机,以丢弃这些请求: |
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62 |
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63 <programlisting> |
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64 server { |
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65 listen 80; |
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66 server_name ""; |
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67 return 444; |
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68 } |
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69 </programlisting> |
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70 |
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71 在这里,我们设置主机名为空字符串以匹配未定义<header>Host</header>头的请求,而且返回了一个nginx特有的,非http标准的返回码444,它可以用来关闭连接。从0.8.48版本开始,这已成为主机名的默认设置,所以<literal>server_name ""</literal>可以省略。而之前的版本使用机器的<i>hostname</i>作为默认主机名。 |
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72 </para> |
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73 |
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74 </section> |
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75 |
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76 |
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77 <section id="mixed_name_ip_based_servers" |
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78 name="基于域名和IP混合的虚拟主机"> |
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79 |
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80 <para> |
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81 下面让我们来看一个复杂点的配置,在这个配置里,有几个虚拟主机在不同的地址上监听: |
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82 |
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83 <programlisting> |
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84 server { |
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85 listen 192.168.1.1:80; |
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86 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org; |
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87 ... |
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88 } |
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89 |
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90 server { |
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91 listen 192.168.1.1:80; |
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92 server_name nginx.net www.nginx.net; |
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93 ... |
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94 } |
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95 |
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96 server { |
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97 listen 192.168.1.2:80; |
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98 server_name nginx.com www.nginx.com; |
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99 ... |
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100 } |
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101 </programlisting> |
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102 |
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103 这个配置中,nginx根据"<literal>server</literal>"配置块中的"<literal>listen</literal>"指令首先测试请求的IP地址和端口是否匹配某个定义的值。如果匹配成功,则继续测试请求的Host头是否匹配这个块中的"<literal>server_name</literal>"的值。如果主机名匹配失败,这个请求将被交给默认的虚拟主机处理。例如,一个从192.168.1.1:80端口收到的访问<url>www.nginx.com</url>的请求将被监听192.168.1.1:80端口的默认服务器处理,本例中就是第一个服务器,因为这个端口上没有定义域名为<url>www.nginx.com</url>的服务器。 |
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104 </para> |
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105 |
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106 <para> |
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107 之前已经提到默认服务器是监听端口的属性,所以不同的监听端口可以设置不同的默认服务器: |
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108 |
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109 <programlisting> |
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110 server { |
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111 listen 192.168.1.1:80; |
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112 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org; |
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113 ... |
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114 } |
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115 |
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116 server { |
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117 listen 192.168.1.1:80 default_server; |
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118 server_name nginx.net www.nginx.net; |
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119 ... |
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120 } |
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121 |
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122 server { |
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123 listen 192.168.1.2:80 default_server; |
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124 server_name nginx.com www.nginx.com; |
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125 ... |
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126 } |
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127 </programlisting> |
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128 </para> |
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129 |
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130 </section> |
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131 |
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132 |
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133 <section id="simple_php_site_configuration" |
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134 name="一个简单PHP站点配置"> |
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135 |
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136 <para> |
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137 现在让我们来看一下,在一个典型的,简单的PHP站点中,nginx怎样为一个请求选择<i>location</i>来处理: |
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138 |
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139 <programlisting> |
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140 server { |
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141 listen 80; |
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142 server_name nginx.org www.nginx.org; |
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143 root /data/www; |
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144 |
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145 location / { |
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146 index index.html index.php; |
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147 } |
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148 |
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149 location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png)$ { |
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150 expires 30d; |
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151 } |
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152 |
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153 location ~ \.php$ { |
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154 fastcgi_pass localhost:9000; |
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155 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME |
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156 $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; |
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157 include fastcgi_params; |
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158 } |
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159 } |
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160 </programlisting> |
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161 </para> |
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162 |
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163 <para> |
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164 第一步,nginx使用字符串匹配找出最准确的location,这一步nginx会忽略location在配置文件出现的顺序。上面的配置中,只有唯一一个非正则匹配的location,也就是"<literal>/</literal>",它可以匹配任意的请求,一般作为最后一个选择。第二步,nginx会继续匹配正则表达式的location,匹配到第一个正则表达式后停止搜索。匹配到的location将被使用。正则表达式的匹配,按照配置中的顺序进行,出现在前的优先匹配。如果没有匹配到正则表达式,则使用第一步匹配的结果。 |
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165 </para> |
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166 |
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167 <para> |
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168 请注意所有location匹配测试只使用请求的URI部分,而不使用参数部分。这是因为参数在请求串中顺序是任意的,比如: |
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169 |
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170 <programlisting> |
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171 /index.php?user=john&page=1 |
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172 /index.php?page=1&user=john |
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173 </programlisting> |
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174 |
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175 除此以外,任何人在请求串中都可以随意添加字符串: |
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176 |
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177 <programlisting> |
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178 /index.php?page=1&something+else&user=john |
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179 </programlisting> |
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180 </para> |
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181 |
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182 <para> |
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183 现在让我们来看一下使用上面的配置进来的请求是怎样被处理的: |
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184 |
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185 <list type="bullet"> |
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186 |
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187 <listitem> |
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188 <para> |
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189 请求"<literal>/logo.gif</literal>"首先匹配上location "<literal>/</literal>",然后匹配上正则表达式"<literal>\.(gif|jpg|png)$</literal>"。因此,它将被后匹配上的location处理。根据"<literal>root /data/www</literal>"指令,nginx将请求映射到文件"<literal>/data/www/logo.gif</literal>",并发送这个文件到客户端。 |
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190 </para> |
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191 </listitem> |
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192 |
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193 <listitem> |
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194 <para> |
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195 请求"<literal>/index.php</literal>"首先也匹配上location "<literal>/</literal>",然后匹配上正则表达式"<literal>\.(php)$</literal>"。 因此,它将被后匹配上的location处理,会被发送到一个监听在localhost:9000的FastCGI服务器。"<literal>fastcgi_param</literal>"指令将FastCGI的参数SCRIPT_FILENAME的值设置为"<literal>/data/www/index.php</literal>",接着FastCGI服务器将执行这个文件。变量$document_root等于"<literal>root</literal>"指令设置的值,变量$fastcgi_script_name的值等于请求的uri,"<literal>/index.php</literal>"。 |
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196 </para> |
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197 </listitem> |
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198 |
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199 <listitem> |
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200 <para> |
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201 请求"<literal>/about.html</literal>"仅能匹配上location "<literal>/</literal>",因此,它将使用此location进行处理。根据"<literal>root /data/www</literal>"指令,nginx将请求映射到文件"<literal>/data/www/about.html</literal>",并发送这个文件到客户端。 |
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202 </para> |
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203 </listitem> |
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204 |
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205 <listitem> |
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206 <para> |
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207 请求"<literal>/</literal>"的处理更为复杂。它仅能匹配上location "<literal>/</literal>",因此,它将使用此location进行处理。然后,"<literal>index</literal>"指令使用它的参数和"<literal>root /data/www</literal>"指令所组成的文件路径来检测对应的文件是否存在。如果文件"<literal>/data/www/index.php</literal>"存在,"<literal>index</literal>"指令将执行一次内部重定向到"<literal>/index.php</literal>",接着nginx将重新寻找匹配"<literal>/index.php</literal>"的location,就好像这次请求是从客户端发过来一样。正如我们之前看到的那样,这个重定向的请求最终交给FastCGI服务器来处理。 |
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208 </para> |
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209 </listitem> |
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210 |
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211 </list> |
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212 </para> |
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213 |
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214 </section> |
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215 |
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216 </article> |