Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.xml @ 521:3481a91d46ab
Minor revision in preparation for translation.
author | Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com> |
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date | Thu, 24 May 2012 12:24:25 +0000 |
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50 | 1 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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3 <article name="Configuring HTTPS servers" |
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4 link="/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.html" |
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5 lang="en" |
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6 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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7 editor="Brian Mercer"> |
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8 |
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9 <section> |
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10 |
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11 <para> |
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12 To configure an HTTPS server you must enable the SSL protocol |
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13 in the server block, and specify the locations of the server certificate |
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14 and private key files: |
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15 |
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16 <programlisting> |
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17 server { |
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18 listen 443; |
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19 server_name www.example.com; |
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20 ssl on; |
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21 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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22 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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23 ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; |
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24 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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25 ... |
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26 } |
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27 </programlisting> |
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28 |
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29 The server certificate is a public entity. |
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30 It is sent to every client that connects to the server. |
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31 The private key is a secure entity and should be stored in a file with |
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32 restricted access, however, it must be readable by nginx’s master process. |
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33 The private key may alternately be stored in the same file as the certificate: |
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34 |
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35 <programlisting> |
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36 ssl_certificate www.example.com.cert; |
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37 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.cert; |
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38 </programlisting> |
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39 |
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40 in which case the file access rights should also be restricted. |
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41 Although the certificate and the key are stored in one file, |
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42 only the certificate is sent to a client. |
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43 </para> |
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44 |
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45 <para> |
271 | 46 The directives <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_protocols"/> and |
47 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_ciphers"/> | |
48 can be used to limit connections | |
56 | 49 to include only the strong versions and ciphers of SSL/TLS. |
271 | 50 Since version 1.0.5, nginx uses “<literal>ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1</literal>” |
51 and “<literal>ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>” by default, | |
56 | 52 so configuring them explicitly only makes sense for the earlier nginx versions. |
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53 Since versions 1.1.13 and 1.0.12, nginx uses |
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54 “<literal>ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2</literal>” by default. |
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55 </para> |
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56 |
56 | 57 <para> |
58 CBC-mode ciphers might be vulnerable to a number of attacks and to | |
98 | 59 the BEAST attack in particular (see |
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60 <link url="http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2011-3389">CVE-2011-3389</link>). |
56 | 61 Configuration of ciphers can be adjusted to prefer RC4-SHA as the following: |
62 | |
63 <programlisting> | |
64 ssl_ciphers RC4:HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; | |
65 ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; | |
66 </programlisting> | |
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67 </para> |
56 | 68 |
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69 </section> |
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70 |
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71 |
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72 <section id="optimization" name="HTTPS server optimization"> |
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73 |
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74 <para> |
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75 SSL operations consume extra CPU resources. |
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76 On multi-processor systems you should run several worker processes: |
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77 no less than the number of available CPU cores. |
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78 The most CPU-intensive operation is the SSL handshake. |
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79 There are two ways to minimize the number of these operations per client: |
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80 the first is by enabling keepalive connections to send several |
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81 requests via one connection and the second is to reuse SSL session |
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82 parameters to avoid SSL handshakes for parallel and subsequent connections. |
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83 The sessions are stored in an SSL session cache shared between workers |
271 | 84 and configured by the |
85 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_cache"/> | |
86 directive. | |
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87 One megabyte of the cache contains about 4000 sessions. |
271 | 88 The default cache timeout is 5 minutes. |
89 It can be increased by using the | |
90 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_timeout"/> | |
91 directive. | |
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92 Here is a sample configuration optimized for a quad core system |
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93 with 10M shared session cache: |
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94 |
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95 <programlisting> |
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96 <b>worker_processes 4</b>; |
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97 |
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98 http { |
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99 <b>ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m</b>; |
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100 <b>ssl_session_timeout 10m</b>; |
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101 |
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102 server { |
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103 listen 443; |
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104 server_name www.example.com; |
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105 <b>keepalive_timeout 70</b>; |
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106 |
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107 ssl on; |
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108 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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109 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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110 ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; |
46
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111 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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112 ... |
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113 </programlisting> |
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114 </para> |
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115 |
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116 </section> |
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117 |
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118 |
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119 <section id="chains" name="SSL certificate chains"> |
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120 |
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121 <para> |
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122 Some browsers may complain about a certificate signed by a well-known |
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123 certificate authority, while other browsers may accept the certificate |
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124 without issues. |
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125 This occurs because the issuing authority has signed the server certificate |
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126 using an intermediate certificate that is not present in the certificate |
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127 base of well-known trusted certificate authorities which is distributed |
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128 with a particular browser. |
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129 In this case the authority provides a bundle of chained certificates |
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130 which should be concatenated to the signed server certificate. |
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131 The server certificate must appear before the chained certificates |
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132 in the combined file: |
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133 |
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134 <programlisting> |
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135 $ cat www.example.com.crt bundle.crt > www.example.com.chained.crt |
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136 </programlisting> |
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137 |
271 | 138 The resulting file should be used in the |
139 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_certificate"/> | |
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140 directive: |
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141 |
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142 <programlisting> |
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143 server { |
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144 listen 443; |
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145 server_name www.example.com; |
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146 ssl on; |
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147 ssl_certificate www.example.com.chained.crt; |
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148 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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149 ... |
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150 } |
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151 </programlisting> |
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152 |
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153 If the server certificate and the bundle have been concatenated in the wrong |
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154 order, nginx will fail to start and will display the error message: |
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155 |
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156 <programlisting> |
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157 SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(" ... /www.example.com.key") failed |
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158 (SSL: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines: |
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159 X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch) |
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160 </programlisting> |
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161 |
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162 because nginx has tried to use the private key with the bundle’s |
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163 first certificate instead of the server certificate. |
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164 </para> |
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165 |
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166 <para> |
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167 Browsers usually store intermediate certificates which they receive |
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168 and which are signed by trusted authorities, so actively used browsers |
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169 may already have the required intermediate certificates and |
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170 may not complain about a certificate sent without a chained bundle. |
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171 To ensure the server sends the complete certificate chain, |
266 | 172 you may use the <command>openssl</command> command-line utility, for example: |
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173 |
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174 <programlisting> |
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175 $ openssl s_client -connect www.godaddy.com:443 |
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176 ... |
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177 Certificate chain |
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178 0 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3=US |
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179 /1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.2=AZ/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc |
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180 /OU=MIS Department/<b>CN=www.GoDaddy.com</b> |
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181 /serialNumber=0796928-7/2.5.4.15=V1.0, Clause 5.(b) |
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182 i:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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183 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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184 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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185 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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186 1 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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187 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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188 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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189 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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190 i:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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191 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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192 2 s:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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193 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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194 i:/L=ValiCert Validation Network/O=<b>ValiCert, Inc.</b> |
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195 /OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority |
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196 /CN=http://www.valicert.com//emailAddress=info@valicert.com |
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197 ... |
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198 </programlisting> |
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199 |
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200 In this example the subject (“<i>s</i>”) of the |
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201 <url>www.GoDaddy.com</url> server certificate #0 is signed by an issuer |
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202 (“<i>i</i>”) which itself is the subject of the certificate #1, |
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203 which is signed by an issuer which itself is the subject of the certificate #2, |
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204 which signed by the well-known issuer <i>ValiCert, Inc.</i> |
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205 whose certificate is stored in the browsers’ built-in |
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206 certificate base (that lay in the house that Jack built). |
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207 </para> |
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208 |
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209 <para> |
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210 If you have not added the certificates bundle, you will see only your server |
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211 certificate #0. |
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212 </para> |
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213 |
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214 </section> |
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215 |
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216 |
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217 <section id="single_http_https_server" name="A single HTTP/HTTPS server"> |
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218 |
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219 <para> |
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220 It is good practice to configure separate servers for HTTP and HTTPS |
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221 protocols from the very start. Although their functionalities currently |
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222 seem equal, this may change significantly in the future |
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223 and using a consolidated server may become problematic. |
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224 However, if HTTP and HTTPS servers are equal, |
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225 and you prefer not to think about the future, |
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226 you may configure a single server that handles both HTTP and HTTPS requests |
271 | 227 by deleting the directive “<literal>ssl on</literal>” |
228 and adding the <literal>ssl</literal> parameter for *:443 port: | |
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229 |
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230 <programlisting> |
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231 server { |
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232 listen 80; |
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233 listen 443 ssl; |
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234 server_name www.example.com; |
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235 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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236 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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237 ... |
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238 } |
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239 </programlisting> |
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240 |
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241 <note> |
271 | 242 Prior to 0.8.21, nginx only allows the <literal>ssl</literal> parameter |
243 to be set on listen sockets with the <literal>default</literal> parameter: | |
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244 <programlisting> |
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245 listen 443 default ssl; |
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246 </programlisting> |
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247 </note> |
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248 </para> |
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249 |
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250 </section> |
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251 |
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252 |
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253 <section id="name_based_https_servers" name="Name-based HTTPS servers"> |
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254 |
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255 <para> |
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256 A common issue arises when configuring two or more HTTPS servers |
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257 listening on a single IP address: |
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258 |
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259 <programlisting> |
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260 server { |
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261 listen 443; |
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262 server_name www.example.com; |
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263 ssl on; |
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264 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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265 ... |
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266 } |
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267 |
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268 server { |
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269 listen 443; |
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270 server_name www.example.org; |
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271 ssl on; |
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272 ssl_certificate www.example.org.crt; |
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273 ... |
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274 } |
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275 </programlisting> |
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276 |
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277 With this configuration a browser receives the certificate of the default |
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278 server, i.e., <url>www.example.com</url> regardless of the requested server name. |
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279 This is caused by SSL protocol behaviour. The SSL connection is established |
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280 before the browser sends an HTTP request and nginx does not know |
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281 the name of the requested server. Therefore, it may only offer the certificate |
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282 of the default server. |
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283 </para> |
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284 |
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285 <para> |
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286 The oldest and most robust method to resolve the issue |
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287 is to assign a separate IP address for every HTTPS server: |
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288 |
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289 <programlisting> |
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290 server { |
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291 listen 192.168.1.1:443; |
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292 server_name www.example.com; |
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293 ssl on; |
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294 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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295 ... |
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296 } |
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297 |
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298 server { |
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299 listen 192.168.1.2:443; |
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300 server_name www.example.org; |
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301 ssl on; |
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302 ssl_certificate www.example.org.crt; |
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303 ... |
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304 } |
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305 </programlisting> |
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306 </para> |
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307 |
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308 </section> |
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309 |
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310 |
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311 <section id="certificate_with_several_names" |
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312 name="A SSL certificate with several names"> |
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313 |
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314 <para> |
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315 There are other ways to share a single IP address between several |
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316 HTTPS servers, however, all of them have drawbacks. |
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317 One way is to use a certificate with several names in |
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318 the SubjectAltName certificate field, for example, <url>www.example.com</url> |
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319 and <url>www.example.org</url>. |
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320 However, the SubjectAltName field length is limited. |
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321 </para> |
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322 |
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323 <para> |
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324 Another way is to use a certificate with a wildcard name, for example, |
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325 <url>*.example.org</url>. This certificate matches |
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326 <url>www.example.org</url>, but does not match <url>example.org</url> |
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327 and <url>www.sub.example.org</url>. These two methods can also be combined. |
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328 A certificate may contain exact and wildcard names in the SubjectAltName field, |
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329 for example, <url>example.org</url> and <url>*.example.org</url>. |
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330 </para> |
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331 |
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332 <para> |
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333 It is better to place a certificate file with several names and |
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334 its private key file at the <i>http</i> level of configuration |
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335 to inherit their single memory copy in all servers: |
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336 |
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337 <programlisting> |
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338 ssl_certificate common.crt; |
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339 ssl_certificate_key common.key; |
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340 |
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341 server { |
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342 listen 443; |
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343 server_name www.example.com; |
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344 ssl on; |
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345 ... |
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346 } |
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347 |
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348 server { |
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349 listen 443; |
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350 server_name www.example.org; |
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351 ssl on; |
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352 ... |
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353 } |
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354 </programlisting> |
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355 </para> |
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356 |
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357 </section> |
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358 |
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359 |
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360 <section id="sni" name="Server Name Indication"> |
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361 |
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362 <para> |
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363 A more generic solution for running several HTTPS servers on a single |
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364 IP address is |
374
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314
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365 <link url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication">TLSv1.1 |
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314
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366 Server Name Indication extension</link> (SNI, RFC3546), |
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367 which allows a browser to pass a requested server name during the SSL handshake |
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368 and, therefore, the server will know which certificate it should use |
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369 for the connection. |
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370 However, SNI has limited browser support. |
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371 Currently it is supported starting with the following browsers versions: |
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372 </para> |
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373 |
461 | 374 <list type="bullet"> |
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375 |
461 | 376 <listitem> |
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377 Opera 8.0; |
461 | 378 </listitem> |
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379 |
461 | 380 <listitem> |
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381 MSIE 7.0 (but only on Windows Vista or higher); |
461 | 382 </listitem> |
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383 |
461 | 384 <listitem> |
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385 Firefox 2.0 and other browsers using Mozilla Platform rv:1.8.1; |
461 | 386 </listitem> |
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387 |
461 | 388 <listitem> |
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389 Safari 3.2.1 (Windows version supports SNI on Vista or higher); |
461 | 390 </listitem> |
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391 |
461 | 392 <listitem> |
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393 and Chrome (Windows version supports SNI on Vista or higher, too). |
461 | 394 </listitem> |
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395 |
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396 </list> |
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397 |
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398 <para> |
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399 In order to use SNI in nginx, it must be supported in both the |
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400 OpenSSL library with which the nginx binary has been built as well as |
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401 the library to which it is being dynamically linked at run time. |
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402 OpenSSL supports SNI since 0.9.8f version if it was built with config option |
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403 <nobr>“--enable-tlsext”.</nobr> |
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404 Since OpenSSL 0.9.8j this option is enabled by default. |
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405 If nginx was built with SNI support, then nginx will show this |
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406 when run with the “-V” switch: |
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407 |
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408 <programlisting> |
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409 $ nginx -V |
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410 ... |
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411 TLS SNI support enabled |
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412 ... |
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413 </programlisting> |
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414 |
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415 However, if the SNI-enabled nginx is linked dynamically to |
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416 an OpenSSL library without SNI support, nginx displays the warning: |
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417 |
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418 <programlisting> |
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419 nginx was built with SNI support, however, now it is linked |
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420 dynamically to an OpenSSL library which has no tlsext support, |
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421 therefore SNI is not available |
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422 </programlisting> |
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423 </para> |
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424 |
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425 </section> |
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426 |
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427 |
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428 <section id="compatibility" name="Compatibility"> |
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429 |
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430 <para> |
461 | 431 <list type="bullet"> |
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432 |
461 | 433 <listitem> |
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434 The SNI support status has been shown by the “-V” switch |
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435 since 0.8.21 and 0.7.62. |
461 | 436 </listitem> |
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437 |
461 | 438 <listitem> |
271 | 439 The <literal>ssl</literal> parameter of the |
440 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> | |
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441 directive has been supported since 0.7.14. |
461 | 442 </listitem> |
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443 |
461 | 444 <listitem> |
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445 SNI has been supported since 0.5.32. |
461 | 446 </listitem> |
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447 |
461 | 448 <listitem> |
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449 The shared SSL session cache has been supported since 0.5.6. |
461 | 450 </listitem> |
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451 |
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452 </list> |
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453 </para> |
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454 |
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455 <para> |
461 | 456 <list type="bullet"> |
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457 |
461 | 458 <listitem> |
314
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459 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.19 and later: the default SSL protocols are SSLv3, TLSv1, |
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460 TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2 (if supported by the OpenSSL library). |
461 | 461 </listitem> |
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462 |
461 | 463 <listitem> |
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464 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL protocols are SSLv2, |
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465 SSLv3, and TLSv1. |
461 | 466 </listitem> |
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467 |
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468 </list> |
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469 </para> |
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470 |
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471 <para> |
461 | 472 <list type="bullet"> |
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473 |
461 | 474 <listitem> |
43
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475 Version 1.0.5 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 476 “<literal>HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>”. |
461 | 477 </listitem> |
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478 |
461 | 479 <listitem> |
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480 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.20 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 481 “<literal>HIGH:!ADH:!MD5</literal>”. |
461 | 482 </listitem> |
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483 |
461 | 484 <listitem> |
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485 Version 0.8.19: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 486 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM</literal>”. |
461 | 487 </listitem> |
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488 |
461 | 489 <listitem> |
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490 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL ciphers are<br/> |
271 | 491 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP</literal>”. |
461 | 492 </listitem> |
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493 |
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494 </list> |
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495 </para> |
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496 |
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497 |
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498 </section> |
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499 |
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500 |
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501 </article> |