Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.xml @ 782:2ceaef0e84a1
Added a phrase about wildcard certificates into the English version of
configuring_https_servers.xml that first appeared in Russian translation.
While here, paraphrased one nearby sentence.
author | Ruslan Ermilov <ru@nginx.com> |
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date | Tue, 11 Dec 2012 13:36:37 +0000 |
parents | e1579b244800 |
children | b95a6d779c89 |
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Added copyright markers to documentation sources.
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1 <!-- |
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2 Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev |
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3 Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc. |
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4 --> |
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5 |
50 | 6 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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7 |
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8 <article name="Configuring HTTPS servers" |
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9 link="/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.html" |
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10 lang="en" |
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11 rev="4" |
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12 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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13 editor="Brian Mercer"> |
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14 |
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15 <section> |
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16 |
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17 <para> |
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18 To configure an HTTPS server, the SSL protocol must be enabled |
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19 in the server block, and the locations of the server certificate |
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20 and private key files should be specified: |
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21 |
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22 <programlisting> |
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23 server { |
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24 listen 443; |
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25 server_name www.example.com; |
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26 ssl <b>on</b>; |
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27 ssl_certificate <b>www.example.com.crt</b>; |
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28 ssl_certificate_key <b>www.example.com.key</b>; |
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29 ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; |
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30 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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31 ... |
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32 } |
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33 </programlisting> |
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34 |
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35 The server certificate is a public entity. |
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36 It is sent to every client that connects to the server. |
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37 The private key is a secure entity and should be stored in a file with |
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38 restricted access, however, it must be readable by nginx’s master process. |
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39 The private key may alternately be stored in the same file as the certificate: |
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40 |
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41 <programlisting> |
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42 ssl_certificate www.example.com.cert; |
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43 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.cert; |
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44 </programlisting> |
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45 |
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46 in which case the file access rights should also be restricted. |
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47 Although the certificate and the key are stored in one file, |
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48 only the certificate is sent to a client. |
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49 </para> |
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50 |
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51 <para> |
271 | 52 The directives <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_protocols"/> and |
53 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_ciphers"/> | |
54 can be used to limit connections | |
56 | 55 to include only the strong versions and ciphers of SSL/TLS. |
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56 Since version 1.0.5, nginx uses |
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57 “<literal>ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1</literal>” |
271 | 58 and “<literal>ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>” by default, |
56 | 59 so configuring them explicitly only makes sense for the earlier nginx versions. |
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60 Since versions 1.1.13 and 1.0.12, nginx uses |
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61 “<literal>ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2</literal>” by default. |
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62 </para> |
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63 |
56 | 64 <para> |
65 CBC-mode ciphers might be vulnerable to a number of attacks and to | |
98 | 66 the BEAST attack in particular (see |
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67 <link url="http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2011-3389">CVE-2011-3389</link>). |
56 | 68 Configuration of ciphers can be adjusted to prefer RC4-SHA as the following: |
69 | |
70 <programlisting> | |
71 ssl_ciphers RC4:HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; | |
72 ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; | |
73 </programlisting> | |
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74 </para> |
56 | 75 |
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76 </section> |
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77 |
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78 |
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79 <section id="optimization" name="HTTPS server optimization"> |
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80 |
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81 <para> |
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82 SSL operations consume extra CPU resources. |
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83 On multi-processor systems several worker processes should be run, |
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84 no less than the number of available CPU cores. |
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85 The most CPU-intensive operation is the SSL handshake. |
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86 There are two ways to minimize the number of these operations per client: |
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87 the first is by enabling keepalive connections to send several |
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88 requests via one connection and the second is to reuse SSL session |
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89 parameters to avoid SSL handshakes for parallel and subsequent connections. |
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90 The sessions are stored in an SSL session cache shared between workers |
271 | 91 and configured by the |
92 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_cache"/> | |
93 directive. | |
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94 One megabyte of the cache contains about 4000 sessions. |
271 | 95 The default cache timeout is 5 minutes. |
96 It can be increased by using the | |
97 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_session_timeout"/> | |
98 directive. | |
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99 Here is a sample configuration optimized for a quad core system |
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100 with 10 megabyte shared session cache: |
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101 |
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102 <programlisting> |
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103 <b>worker_processes 4</b>; |
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104 |
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105 http { |
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106 <b>ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m</b>; |
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107 <b>ssl_session_timeout 10m</b>; |
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108 |
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109 server { |
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110 listen 443; |
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111 server_name www.example.com; |
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112 <b>keepalive_timeout 70</b>; |
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113 |
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114 ssl on; |
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115 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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116 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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117 ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; |
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118 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; |
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119 ... |
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120 </programlisting> |
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121 </para> |
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122 |
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123 </section> |
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124 |
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125 |
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126 <section id="chains" name="SSL certificate chains"> |
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127 |
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128 <para> |
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129 Some browsers may complain about a certificate signed by a well-known |
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130 certificate authority, while other browsers may accept the certificate |
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131 without issues. |
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132 This occurs because the issuing authority has signed the server certificate |
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133 using an intermediate certificate that is not present in the certificate |
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134 base of well-known trusted certificate authorities which is distributed |
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135 with a particular browser. |
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136 In this case the authority provides a bundle of chained certificates |
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137 which should be concatenated to the signed server certificate. |
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138 The server certificate must appear before the chained certificates |
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139 in the combined file: |
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140 |
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141 <programlisting> |
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142 $ cat www.example.com.crt bundle.crt > www.example.com.chained.crt |
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143 </programlisting> |
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144 |
271 | 145 The resulting file should be used in the |
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146 <link doc="ngx_http_ssl_module.xml" id="ssl_certificate"/> directive: |
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147 |
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148 <programlisting> |
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149 server { |
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150 listen 443; |
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151 server_name www.example.com; |
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152 ssl on; |
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153 ssl_certificate www.example.com.chained.crt; |
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154 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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155 ... |
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156 } |
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157 </programlisting> |
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158 |
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159 If the server certificate and the bundle have been concatenated in the wrong |
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160 order, nginx will fail to start and will display the error message: |
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161 |
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162 <programlisting> |
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163 SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(" ... /www.example.com.key") failed |
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164 (SSL: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines: |
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165 X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch) |
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166 </programlisting> |
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167 |
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168 because nginx has tried to use the private key with the bundle’s |
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169 first certificate instead of the server certificate. |
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170 </para> |
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171 |
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172 <para> |
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173 Browsers usually store intermediate certificates which they receive |
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174 and which are signed by trusted authorities, so actively used browsers |
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175 may already have the required intermediate certificates and |
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176 may not complain about a certificate sent without a chained bundle. |
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177 To ensure the server sends the complete certificate chain, |
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178 the <command>openssl</command> command-line utility may be used, for example: |
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179 |
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180 <programlisting> |
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181 $ openssl s_client -connect www.godaddy.com:443 |
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182 ... |
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183 Certificate chain |
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184 0 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3=US |
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185 /1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.2=AZ/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc |
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186 /OU=MIS Department/<b>CN=www.GoDaddy.com</b> |
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187 /serialNumber=0796928-7/2.5.4.15=V1.0, Clause 5.(b) |
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188 i:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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189 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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190 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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191 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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192 1 s:/C=US/ST=Arizona/L=Scottsdale/O=GoDaddy.com, Inc. |
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193 /OU=http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository |
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194 /CN=Go Daddy Secure Certification Authority |
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195 /serialNumber=07969287 |
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196 i:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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197 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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198 2 s:/C=US/O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. |
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199 /OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority |
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200 i:/L=ValiCert Validation Network/O=<b>ValiCert, Inc.</b> |
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201 /OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority |
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202 /CN=http://www.valicert.com//emailAddress=info@valicert.com |
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203 ... |
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204 </programlisting> |
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205 |
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206 In this example the subject (“<i>s</i>”) of the |
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207 <literal>www.GoDaddy.com</literal> server certificate #0 is signed by an issuer |
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208 (“<i>i</i>”) which itself is the subject of the certificate #1, |
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209 which is signed by an issuer which itself is the subject of the certificate #2, |
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210 which signed by the well-known issuer <i>ValiCert, Inc.</i> |
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211 whose certificate is stored in the browsers’ built-in |
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212 certificate base (that lay in the house that Jack built). |
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213 </para> |
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214 |
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215 <para> |
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216 If a certificate bundle has not been added, only the server certificate #0 |
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217 will be shown. |
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218 </para> |
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219 |
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220 </section> |
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221 |
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222 |
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223 <section id="single_http_https_server" name="A single HTTP/HTTPS server"> |
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224 |
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225 <para> |
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226 If HTTP and HTTPS servers are equal, |
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227 a single server that handles both HTTP and HTTPS requests may be configured |
271 | 228 by deleting the directive “<literal>ssl on</literal>” |
229 and adding the <literal>ssl</literal> parameter for *:443 port: | |
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230 |
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231 <programlisting> |
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232 server { |
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233 listen 80; |
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234 listen 443 ssl; |
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235 server_name www.example.com; |
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236 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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237 ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key; |
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238 ... |
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239 } |
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240 </programlisting> |
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241 |
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242 <note> |
271 | 243 Prior to 0.8.21, nginx only allows the <literal>ssl</literal> parameter |
244 to be set on listen sockets with the <literal>default</literal> parameter: | |
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245 <programlisting> |
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246 listen 443 default ssl; |
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247 </programlisting> |
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248 </note> |
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249 </para> |
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250 |
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251 </section> |
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252 |
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253 |
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254 <section id="name_based_https_servers" name="Name-based HTTPS servers"> |
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255 |
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256 <para> |
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257 A common issue arises when configuring two or more HTTPS servers |
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258 listening on a single IP address: |
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259 |
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260 <programlisting> |
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261 server { |
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262 listen 443; |
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263 server_name www.example.com; |
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264 ssl on; |
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265 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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266 ... |
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267 } |
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268 |
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269 server { |
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270 listen 443; |
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271 server_name www.example.org; |
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272 ssl on; |
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273 ssl_certificate www.example.org.crt; |
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274 ... |
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275 } |
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276 </programlisting> |
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277 |
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278 With this configuration a browser receives the default server’s certificate, |
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279 i.e. <literal>www.example.com</literal> regardless of the requested server name. |
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280 This is caused by SSL protocol behaviour. |
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281 The SSL connection is established before the browser sends an HTTP request |
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282 and nginx does not know the name of the requested server. |
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283 Therefore, it may only offer the default server’s certificate. |
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284 </para> |
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285 |
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286 <para> |
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287 The oldest and most robust method to resolve the issue |
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288 is to assign a separate IP address for every HTTPS server: |
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289 |
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290 <programlisting> |
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291 server { |
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292 listen 192.168.1.1:443; |
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293 server_name www.example.com; |
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294 ssl on; |
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295 ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt; |
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296 ... |
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297 } |
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298 |
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299 server { |
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300 listen 192.168.1.2:443; |
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301 server_name www.example.org; |
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302 ssl on; |
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303 ssl_certificate www.example.org.crt; |
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304 ... |
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305 } |
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306 </programlisting> |
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307 </para> |
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308 |
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309 </section> |
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310 |
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311 |
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312 <section id="certificate_with_several_names" |
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313 name="An SSL certificate with several names"> |
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314 |
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315 <para> |
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316 There are other ways that allow to share a single IP address |
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317 between several HTTPS servers. |
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318 However, all of them have their drawbacks. |
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319 One way is to use a certificate with several names in |
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320 the SubjectAltName certificate field, for example, |
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321 <literal>www.example.com</literal> and <literal>www.example.org</literal>. |
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322 However, the SubjectAltName field length is limited. |
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323 </para> |
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324 |
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325 <para> |
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326 Another way is to use a certificate with a wildcard name, for example, |
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327 <literal>*.example.org</literal>. |
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328 A wildcard certificate secures all subdomains of the specified domain, |
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329 but only on one level. |
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330 This certificate matches <literal>www.example.org</literal>, but does not match |
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331 <literal>example.org</literal> and <literal>www.sub.example.org</literal>. |
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332 These two methods can also be combined. |
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333 A certificate may contain exact and wildcard names in the |
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334 SubjectAltName field, for example, |
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335 <literal>example.org</literal> and <literal>*.example.org</literal>. |
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336 </para> |
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337 |
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338 <para> |
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339 It is better to place a certificate file with several names and |
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340 its private key file at the <i>http</i> level of configuration |
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341 to inherit their single memory copy in all servers: |
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342 |
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343 <programlisting> |
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344 ssl_certificate common.crt; |
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345 ssl_certificate_key common.key; |
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346 |
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347 server { |
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348 listen 443; |
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349 server_name www.example.com; |
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350 ssl on; |
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351 ... |
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352 } |
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353 |
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354 server { |
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355 listen 443; |
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356 server_name www.example.org; |
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357 ssl on; |
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358 ... |
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359 } |
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360 </programlisting> |
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361 </para> |
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362 |
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363 </section> |
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364 |
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365 |
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366 <section id="sni" name="Server Name Indication"> |
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367 |
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368 <para> |
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369 A more generic solution for running several HTTPS servers on a single |
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370 IP address is |
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371 <link url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication">TLS |
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372 Server Name Indication extension</link> (SNI, RFC 6066), |
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373 which allows a browser to pass a requested server name during the SSL handshake |
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374 and, therefore, the server will know which certificate it should use |
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375 for the connection. |
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376 However, SNI has limited browser support. |
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377 Currently it is supported starting with the following browsers versions: |
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378 </para> |
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379 |
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380 <para> |
461 | 381 <list type="bullet"> |
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382 |
461 | 383 <listitem> |
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384 Opera 8.0; |
461 | 385 </listitem> |
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386 |
461 | 387 <listitem> |
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388 MSIE 7.0 (but only on Windows Vista or higher); |
461 | 389 </listitem> |
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390 |
461 | 391 <listitem> |
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392 Firefox 2.0 and other browsers using Mozilla Platform rv:1.8.1; |
461 | 393 </listitem> |
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394 |
461 | 395 <listitem> |
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396 Safari 3.2.1 (Windows version supports SNI on Vista or higher); |
461 | 397 </listitem> |
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398 |
461 | 399 <listitem> |
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400 and Chrome (Windows version supports SNI on Vista or higher, too). |
461 | 401 </listitem> |
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402 |
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403 </list> |
658
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404 <note> |
661
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405 Only domain names can be passed in SNI, |
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406 however some browsers may erroneously pass an IP address of the server |
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407 as its name if a request includes literal IP address. |
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408 One should not rely on this. |
658
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409 </note> |
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410 </para> |
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411 |
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412 <para> |
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413 In order to use SNI in nginx, it must be supported in both the |
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414 OpenSSL library with which the nginx binary has been built as well as |
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415 the library to which it is being dynamically linked at run time. |
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416 OpenSSL supports SNI since 0.9.8f version if it was built with config option |
660
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417 <nobr>“--enable-tlsext”.</nobr> |
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418 Since OpenSSL 0.9.8j this option is enabled by default. |
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419 If nginx was built with SNI support, then nginx will show this |
660
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420 when run with the “-V” switch: |
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421 |
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422 <programlisting> |
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423 $ nginx -V |
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424 ... |
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425 TLS SNI support enabled |
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426 ... |
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427 </programlisting> |
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428 |
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429 However, if the SNI-enabled nginx is linked dynamically to |
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430 an OpenSSL library without SNI support, nginx displays the warning: |
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431 |
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432 <programlisting> |
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433 nginx was built with SNI support, however, now it is linked |
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434 dynamically to an OpenSSL library which has no tlsext support, |
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435 therefore SNI is not available |
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436 </programlisting> |
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437 </para> |
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438 |
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439 </section> |
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440 |
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441 |
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442 <section id="compatibility" name="Compatibility"> |
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443 |
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444 <para> |
461 | 445 <list type="bullet"> |
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446 |
461 | 447 <listitem> |
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448 The SNI support status has been shown by the “-V” switch |
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449 since 0.8.21 and 0.7.62. |
461 | 450 </listitem> |
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451 |
461 | 452 <listitem> |
271 | 453 The <literal>ssl</literal> parameter of the |
454 <link doc="ngx_http_core_module.xml" id="listen"/> | |
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455 directive has been supported since 0.7.14. |
461 | 456 </listitem> |
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457 |
461 | 458 <listitem> |
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459 SNI has been supported since 0.5.32. |
461 | 460 </listitem> |
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461 |
461 | 462 <listitem> |
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463 The shared SSL session cache has been supported since 0.5.6. |
461 | 464 </listitem> |
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465 |
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466 </list> |
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467 </para> |
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468 |
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469 <para> |
461 | 470 <list type="bullet"> |
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471 |
461 | 472 <listitem> |
314
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473 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.19 and later: the default SSL protocols are SSLv3, TLSv1, |
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474 TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2 (if supported by the OpenSSL library). |
461 | 475 </listitem> |
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476 |
461 | 477 <listitem> |
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478 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL protocols are SSLv2, |
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479 SSLv3, and TLSv1. |
461 | 480 </listitem> |
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481 |
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482 </list> |
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483 </para> |
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484 |
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485 <para> |
461 | 486 <list type="bullet"> |
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487 |
461 | 488 <listitem> |
43
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489 Version 1.0.5 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 490 “<literal>HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</literal>”. |
461 | 491 </listitem> |
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492 |
461 | 493 <listitem> |
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494 Version 0.7.65, 0.8.20 and later: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 495 “<literal>HIGH:!ADH:!MD5</literal>”. |
461 | 496 </listitem> |
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497 |
461 | 498 <listitem> |
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499 Version 0.8.19: the default SSL ciphers are |
271 | 500 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM</literal>”. |
461 | 501 </listitem> |
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502 |
461 | 503 <listitem> |
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504 Version 0.7.64, 0.8.18 and earlier: the default SSL ciphers are<br/> |
271 | 505 “<literal>ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP</literal>”. |
461 | 506 </listitem> |
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507 |
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508 </list> |
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509 </para> |
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510 |
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511 |
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512 </section> |
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513 |
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514 |
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515 </article> |