Mercurial > hg > nginx-site
annotate xml/tr/docs/http/server_names.xml @ 849:0ed4c093c026
WebSocket proxying howto.
author | Homutov Vladimir <vl@nginx.com> |
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date | Thu, 28 Feb 2013 11:20:28 +0400 |
parents | 130fad6dc1b4 |
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50 | 1 <!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "../../../../dtd/article.dtd"> |
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2 |
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3 <article name="Sunucu adları" |
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4 link="/tr/docs/http/server_names.html" |
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5 lang="tr" |
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6 author="Igor Sysoev" |
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7 translator="Altan Tanrıverdi"> |
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8 |
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9 <section> |
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10 |
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11 <para> |
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12 Sunucu adları <literal>server_name</literal> yönergesi kullanılarak tanımlanırlar ve gelen bir talep için hangi server bloğunun kullanılacağını belirlerler. Ayrıca bakınız “<link doc="request_processing.xml" />”. Gerçek, wildcard veya düzenli ifadeler şeklinde tanımlanabilirler. |
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13 |
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14 <programlisting> |
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15 server { |
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16 listen 80; |
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17 server_name example.org www.example.org; |
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18 ... |
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19 } |
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20 |
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21 server { |
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22 listen 80; |
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23 server_name *.example.org; |
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24 ... |
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25 } |
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26 |
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27 server { |
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28 listen 80; |
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29 server_name mail.*; |
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30 ... |
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31 } |
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32 |
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33 server { |
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34 listen 80; |
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35 server_name ~^(?<user>.+)\.example\.net$; |
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36 ... |
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37 } |
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38 </programlisting> |
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39 |
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40 Bu adlar şu sıra ile test edilirler: |
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41 |
461 | 42 <list type="enum"> |
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43 |
461 | 44 <listitem> |
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45 gerçek adlar; |
461 | 46 </listitem> |
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47 |
461 | 48 <listitem> |
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49 * ile başlayan wildcard adlar: <literal>*.example.org</literal>; |
461 | 50 </listitem> |
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51 |
461 | 52 <listitem> |
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53 * ile biten wildcard adlar: <literal>mail.*</literal>; |
461 | 54 </listitem> |
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55 |
461 | 56 <listitem> |
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57 ve düzenli ifadeler (regular expressions). |
461 | 58 </listitem> |
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59 |
461 | 60 </list> |
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61 İlk eşleşme arama işlemini bitirir. |
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62 </para> |
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63 |
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64 </section> |
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65 |
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66 |
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67 <section id="wildcard_names" |
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68 name="Wildcard adlar"> |
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69 |
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70 <para> |
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71 Bir wildcard ad ancak başlangıçta veya bitişte * ifadesini içerir ve nokta ile sınırlandırılır. <literal>www.*.example.org</literal> ve <literal>w*.example.org</literal> adları geçersizdir. Ancak bu adlar düzenli ifadeler ile geçerli hale getirilebilir, örneğin, <literal>~^www\..+\.example\.org$</literal> ve <literal>~^w.*\.example\.org$</literal>. Buradaki * bir çok eşleşmeyi tanımlayabilir. <literal>*.example.org</literal> ifadesi <literal>www.example.org</literal> ve <literal>www.sub.example.org</literal> adlarına karşılık gelebilir. |
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72 </para> |
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73 |
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74 <para> |
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75 <literal>.example.org</literal> şeklindeki bir wildcard <literal>example.org</literal> gerçek adı ile <literal>*.example.org</literal> wildcard adına karşılık gelir. |
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76 </para> |
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77 |
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78 </section> |
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79 |
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80 |
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81 <section id="regex_names" |
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82 name="Düzenli ifade adları"> |
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83 |
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84 <para> |
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85 nginx tarafından kullanılan düzenli ifadeler, Perl programlama dili (PCRE) tarafından kullanılanlar ile tam uyumludur. |
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86 Bir düzenli ifade kullanmak için sunucu adı tilda (~) ile başlamalıdır: |
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87 |
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88 <programlisting> |
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89 server_name ~^www\d+\.example\.net$; |
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90 </programlisting> |
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91 |
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92 diğer türlü ifade gerçek ad veya düzenli ifade * içeriyorsa wildcard ad gibi algılanacaktır (ve yüksek ihtimal geçersiz bir ad olarak). |
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93 “^” ve “$” çapalarını kullanmayı unutmayın. |
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94 Sentaks açısından gerekli olmasalar da mantık açısından gereklidir. |
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95 Ayrıca alan adında bulunan noktalarda da \ önceli ile kullanılmalıdır. |
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96 “{” ve “}” kullanan bir düzenli ifade tırnak arasına alınmalıdır: |
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97 |
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98 <programlisting> |
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99 server_name "~^(?<name>\w\d<b>{</b>1,3<b>}</b>+)\.example\.net$"; |
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100 </programlisting> |
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101 |
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102 diğer türlü, nginx şu şekilde bir hata verecektir: |
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103 |
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104 <programlisting> |
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105 directive "server_name" is not terminated by ";" in ... |
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106 </programlisting> |
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107 |
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108 Bir düzenli ifade adı değişken olarak sonraki aşamalarda kullanılabilir: |
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109 |
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110 <programlisting> |
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111 server { |
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112 server_name ~^(www\.)?(<b>?<domain></b>.+)$; |
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113 |
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114 location / { |
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115 root /sites/<b>$domain</b>; |
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116 } |
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117 } |
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118 </programlisting> |
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119 |
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120 PCRE kütüphanesi ile ad yakalama işlemi de şu şekildedir: |
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121 |
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122 <table note="yes"> |
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123 |
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124 <tr> |
271 | 125 <td><literal>?<<value>name</value>></literal></td> |
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126 <td>Perl 5.10 uyumlu sentaks, PCRE-7.0 ile gelmiştir.</td> |
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127 </tr> |
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128 |
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129 <tr> |
271 | 130 <td><literal>?'<value>name</value>'</literal></td> |
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131 <td>Perl 5.10 uyumlu sentaks, PCRE-7.0 ile gelmiştir.</td> |
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132 </tr> |
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133 |
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134 <tr> |
271 | 135 <td><literal>?P<<value>name</value>></literal></td> |
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136 <td>Python uyumlu sentaks, PCRE-4.0 ile gelmiştir.</td> |
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137 </tr> |
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138 |
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139 </table> |
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140 |
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141 Eğer nginx aşağıdaki hatayı verirse: |
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142 |
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143 <programlisting> |
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144 pcre_compile() failed: unrecognized character after (?< in ... |
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145 </programlisting> |
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146 |
271 | 147 bu PCRE kütüphanesini eski olduğu ve <literal>?P<<value>name</value>></literal> şeklinde kullanmanız gerektiği anlamına gelir. |
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148 Yakalama ayrıca dijital formda da olabilir: |
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149 |
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150 <programlisting> |
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151 server { |
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152 server_name ~^(www\.)?(.+)$; |
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153 |
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154 location / { |
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155 root /sites/<b>$2</b>; |
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156 } |
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157 } |
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158 </programlisting> |
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159 |
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160 Ancak, dijital referanslar kolaylıkla üstüne yazılabilir olduğundan, bu şekilde kullanım basit durumlar için sınırlandırılmalıdır (yukarıdaki gibi). |
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161 </para> |
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162 |
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163 |
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164 </section> |
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165 |
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166 |
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167 <section id="miscellaneous_names" |
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168 name="Diğer muhtelif adlar"> |
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169 |
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170 <para> |
271 | 171 Eğer server bloğu içerisinde bir <literal>server_name</literal> tanımlanmamışsa nginx, sunucu adı olarak <i>hostname</i> ifadesini kullanır. |
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172 </para> |
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173 |
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174 <para> |
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175 Eğer varsayılan dışındaki bir server bloğuna gelen ve header bilgisinde “Host” datası yer almayan bir talebi işlemek isterseniz boş bir ad kullanmak zorundasınız: |
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176 |
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177 <programlisting> |
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178 server { |
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179 listen 80; |
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180 server_name example.org www.example.org ""; |
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181 ... |
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182 } |
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183 </programlisting> |
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184 </para> |
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185 |
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186 <para> |
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187 Eğer bir istemci ad yerine IP adresini kullanarak bir talepte bulunursa, header içerisinde bulunan “Host” datası IP bilgisini içerecektir ve bu IP adresini, sunucu adı olarak kullanarak talebi işleyebilirsiniz: |
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188 |
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189 <programlisting> |
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190 server { |
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191 listen 80; |
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192 server_name example.org |
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193 www.example.org |
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194 "" |
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195 <b>192.168.1.1</b> |
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196 ; |
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197 ... |
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198 } |
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199 </programlisting> |
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200 </para> |
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201 |
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202 <para> |
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203 Bir catch-all (tümünü-yakala) sunucuda “_” şeklinde garip bir ifade ile karşılaşabilirsiniz: |
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204 |
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205 <programlisting> |
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206 server { |
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207 listen 80 default_server; |
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208 server_name _; |
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209 return 444; |
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210 } |
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211 </programlisting> |
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212 |
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213 Bu ad ile ilgili özel bir durum söz konusu değil, sadece gerçek bir ad ile kesişmeyen sayısız geçersiz alan adlarından biridir. |
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214 Ayrıca “--”, “!@#” ve benzeri ifadeler de kullanabilirsiniz. |
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215 </para> |
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216 |
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217 <para> |
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218 nginx, 0.6.25 versiyonuna kadar, bir catch-all adı olmak için hatalı bir şekilde yorumlanan “*” özel adını destekliyordu. |
271 | 219 Fakat bu bir catch-all veya wildcard sunucu adı olarak fonksiyonel değil. Bunun yerine, <literal>server_name_in_redirect</literal> yönergesini kullanarak fonksiyonelliği sağlamaya başladık. |
220 “*” özel karakteri artık desteklenmiyor, bu yüzden <literal>server_name_in_redirect</literal> yönergesi kullanılmalıdır. | |
221 Not: <literal>server_name</literal> yönergesini kullanan varsayılan sunucuyu veya catch-all adını belirtmenin bir yolu bulunmuyor. | |
222 Bu, <literal>server_name</literal> yönergesinin değil, <literal>listen</literal> yönergesinin bir özelliğidir. | |
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223 Ayrıca bakınız “<link doc="request_processing.xml" />”. |
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224 *:80 ve *:8080 portlarını dinleyen sunucular tanımlayabilir ve birini *:8080 portu için varsayılan olarak belirlerken, diğerini de *:80 için varsayılan olarak belirleyebilirsiniz: |
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225 |
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226 <programlisting> |
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227 server { |
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228 listen 80; |
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229 listen 8080 default_server; |
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230 server_name example.net; |
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231 ... |
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232 } |
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233 |
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234 server { |
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235 listen 80 default_server; |
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236 listen 8080; |
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237 server_name example.org; |
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238 ... |
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239 } |
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240 </programlisting> |
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241 </para> |
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242 |
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243 |
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244 </section> |
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245 |
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246 |
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247 <section id="optimization" |
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248 name="Optimizasyon"> |
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249 |
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250 <para> |
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251 Gerçek ve wildcard adlar çırpılarda (hash) depolanır. Çırpılar listen portlarına bağlıdırlar ve her bir listen port 3 farklı çırpıya sahip olabilir: gerçek ad çırpısı, * ile başlayan bir wildcard adı çırpısı ve * ile biten bir wildcard adı çırpısı. Çırpıların boyutu yapılandırma aşamasında optimize edilir ve böylece bir ad en az önbellek kayıpları ile bulundurulur. İlk olarak gerçek ad çırpısı aranır. Gerçek ad çırpısı kullanan bir ad bulunmaz ise, * ile başlayan wildcard ad çırpısı aranır. Bu da bulunmaz ise, * ile biten wildcard ad çırpısı aranır. Adların alanadı parçaları ile aranması nedeniyle wildcard ad çırpıları araması, gerçek ad çırpı aramasına oranla daha yavaştır. Not: Özel <literal>.example.org</literal> wildcard formu, gerçek ad çırpısında değil, wildcard ad çırpısında saklanır. Düzenli İfadeler sırayla test edildiğinden bu en yavaş ve ölçeklenebilir olmayan yöntemdir. |
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252 </para> |
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253 |
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254 <para> |
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255 Bu nedenlerden dolayı, imkanlar el veriyorsa gerçek adları kullanmak en iyisidir. Örneğin, bir sunucunun en sık talep edilen adları <literal>example.org</literal> ve <literal>www.example.org</literal> ise bunları açıkca belirtmek daha etkili olacaktır: |
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256 |
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257 <programlisting> |
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258 server { |
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259 listen 80; |
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260 server_name example.org www.example.org *.example.org; |
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261 ... |
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262 } |
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263 </programlisting> |
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264 |
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265 bu kullanım aşağıdaki basit kullanımdan daha etkili olacaktır: |
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266 |
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267 <programlisting> |
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268 server { |
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269 listen 80; |
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270 server_name .example.org; |
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271 ... |
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272 } |
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273 </programlisting> |
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274 </para> |
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275 |
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276 <para> |
271 | 277 Eğer çok miktarda veya olağandışı şekilde uzun sunucu adları tanımladıysanız, <i>http</i> düzeyinde <literal>server_names_hash_max_size</literal> |
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278 ve <literal>server_names_hash_bucket_size</literal> yönergelerini tekrar ayarlamalısınız. <literal>server_names_hash_bucket_size</literal> yönergesinin varsayılan değeri CPU önbellek satır boyutuna göre 32, 64 veya başka bir rakam olabilir. Eğer bu değer 32 ise ve “cok.uzun.sunucu.adi.example.org” ifadesini sunucu adı olarak belirlerseniz nginx, başlamayacak ve aşağıdaki hatayı verecektir: |
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279 |
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280 <programlisting> |
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281 could not build the server_names_hash, |
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282 you should increase server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32 |
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283 </programlisting> |
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284 |
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285 Bu durumda yönerge değerini aşağıdaki gibi belirlemelisiniz: |
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286 |
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287 <programlisting> |
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288 http { |
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289 server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; |
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290 ... |
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291 </programlisting> |
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292 |
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293 Eğer çok fazla sunu adı belirlemiş iseniz şu şekilde bir hata alacaksınız: |
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294 |
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295 <programlisting> |
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296 could not build the server_names_hash, |
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297 you should increase either server_names_hash_max_size: 512 |
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298 or server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32 |
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299 </programlisting> |
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300 |
271 | 301 Bu durumda ilk olarak <literal>server_names_hash_max_size</literal> değerini sunucu ad sayısına yakın bir değeri yükseltin. Eğer bu da yardımcı sorunu çözmez ise veya nginx başlama süresi çok uzar ise <literal>server_names_hash_bucket_size</literal> değerini arttırın. |
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302 </para> |
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303 |
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304 <para> |
271 | 305 Eğer bir sunucu sadece bir listen port için ise, nginx sunucu adlarını test etmeyecek ve listen port için çırpılar yaratmayacaktır. Fakat bu durumun bir istisnası var; eğer <literal>server_name</literal> tutuklar (capture) içeren bir düzenli ifade ise nginx, bu tutukları almak için ifadeyi yürütmek zorundadır. |
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306 </para> |
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307 |
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308 </section> |
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309 |
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310 |
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311 <section id="compatibility" |
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312 name="Uygunluk"> |
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313 |
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314 <para> |
461 | 315 <list type="bullet"> |
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316 |
461 | 317 <listitem> |
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318 Named düzenli ifade sunucu adı tutukları, 0.8.25 versiyonundan beri destekleniyor. |
461 | 319 </listitem> |
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320 |
461 | 321 <listitem> |
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322 Düzenli ifade sunucu adı tutukları, 0.7.40 versiyonundan beri destekleniyor. |
461 | 323 </listitem> |
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324 |
461 | 325 <listitem> |
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326 “” boş sunucu adı 0.7.12 versiyonundan beri destekleniyor. |
461 | 327 </listitem> |
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328 |
461 | 329 <listitem> |
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330 Bir wildcard sunucu adının veya düzenli ifadenin ilk sunucu adı olarak kullanılması 0.6.25 versiyonundan beri destekleniyor. |
461 | 331 </listitem> |
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332 |
461 | 333 <listitem> |
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334 Düzenli ifade sunucu adları 0.6.7 versiyonundan beri destekleniyor. |
461 | 335 </listitem> |
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336 |
461 | 337 <listitem> |
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338 <literal>example.*</literal> wildcard formu 0.6.0 versiyonundan beri destekleniyor. |
461 | 339 </listitem> |
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340 |
461 | 341 <listitem> |
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342 <literal>.example.org</literal> özel formu 0.3.18 versiyonundan beri destekleniyor. |
461 | 343 </listitem> |
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344 |
461 | 345 <listitem> |
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346 <literal>*.example.org</literal> wildcard formu 0.1.13 versiyonundan beri destekleniyor. |
461 | 347 </listitem> |
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348 |
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349 </list> |
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350 </para> |
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351 |
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352 </section> |
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353 |
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354 </article> |